Homework: Skip every other point to have less clutter in graph for Chapter 2 homework assignment. But plot every temperature point on that graph.Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Website of the day NotesII. Surface PressureIII. HumidityIV. Vertical Structure of Atmospheric TemperatureOutline of Current Lecture II. New Homework Assignment for FridayIII. Website of the DayIV. Vertical Structure of Temperature in AtmosphereV. Heat vs. TemperatureVI. HeatVII. Energy and TemperatureVIII. Energy TransferIX. Primary Observed “Weather” VariablesX. Conventional ObservationsXI. Standard Station ModelsCurrent LectureHomework: Skip every other point to have less clutter in graph for Chapter 2 homework assignment. But plot every temperature point on that graph. Rawinsonde Launch Friday, September 19tha. Wednesday, September 17 Bill Olson of the Space Sciences and Engineering Center b. Supplementary Homework Assignment: a. The temperature, dew point depression, and winds that will be measured at 500 mb pressure (or relative humidity, just want the moisture) wind in knots…b. The pressure and magnitude of the strongest winds at any height, the launch based on model predictions on the web (jet stream of that day that will be over us) –look through all weather maps at different levels and find out what the strongest wind is predicted to be. 1. Go to a web page showing GFS or NAM predictions for Friday based on the most recent forecast2. You can use either NCEP (http://mag.ncep.noaa.gov/) website or AOS web site (http://www.aos.wisc.edu/weather/wx_models/Models.htm) NCEP is probably the best web site to usefor this. Purpose is to help us become familiar with reading these prediction maps and relating what they predict to what a rawinsonde measures. Atm Ocn 100 1st Edition3. Look from a time close to class time when balloon will be launched and determine as best we can, fromthe contours the requested quantities (from above) email them to Stephen by 8 am Friday September 19th. Class will meet outside on Friday…For our homework assignment: Friday is 4 and a half days away which is 108 hours away. So what time do we want? In UTC 11 Madison time means 16 UTC. 15 UTC is pretty close to this at 500 mb. The Site we should use: Model GuidanceGo to Namer North AmericanThen GFS-500 Temp ht and 105 hoursTemperature for Friday predictions: -11 maybe even -11.5 close to -12 isotherm. Winds are out of northwest varies a little bit from one place to another. The winds are in middle out of the northwest and it looks like 22 knots something like that. Then we can switch to the relative humidity map. 105 again for hours. The light green is the relative humidity. Scale looks to be 75%Then we want to look at the maximum wind at all the heights. To do this we need to find the strongest wind. It looks to be about 65 knots with the northwest wind at 200 mb. We should also look at 250 to determine strongest wind. To do this look at the middle of the weather map and find the jet stream. This will convey in knots what the strongest wind is. Why are we doing this?To learn more about how to read weather maps and be able to forecast the weather in the future.Website of the day:http://tropic.ssec.wisc.edu/# Tropical Cyclone over Baja, California. From the images we can see the eye of hurricane Edouard.There are winds underneath swirling in, which is basically a picture of the cyclone. We as a class are looking at the eye of the hurricane. There are shallow cumulous clouds in the eye. The wind strength in the eye is about 80-90 knots. On this website we can see the track of the storm as it forecasts. Most hurricanes don’t actually make landfall. Outer part of the picture we are looking at through this website, is rotating clockwise. If we are looking at individual clouds on top, we may think that they are rotating in different directions. But the storm itself in the lower parts are actually rotating counter clockwise at lower levels. Back to lecture:Last time we ended with vertical structure of temperature in the atmosphere.From this graph we are looking at on the lecture PowerPoint slides we can see that the atmosphere is divided into several spheres, the lowest part above our main sphere, which is the troposphere, is the tropopause. Deep cumulous clouds or thunderstorms clouds, can grow vertically up into the tropopause. The tropopause defines vertical extent to what can take place. Thunderstorms define the overture of air. Tropical cyclones don’t overturn as deep. (turbulence in the air) The jetstream level is close to level of the tropopause. The tropopause is a boundary between the Troposphere and the Stratosphere. The tropopause can be thought of as a lid on the Earth’s weather because it prevents vertical air currents (such as ones from storms) from moving into the Stratosphere. The tropopause slopes downward from the tropics to the poles. In the tropics, the tropopause occurs at a higher altitude than while at the polar latitudes. Because of this, tropical storms grow to greater heights than storms in Polar Regions. The tropopause has folds in it, which is one way that air in Stratosphere mixes with air in the troposphere. We will learn more about this later. The tropopause is normally close to the level of jet stream. Jet stream that occurs in the atmosphere is the result of the integrated effect of temperature gradient with height. Thermal gradient between tropics and poles means that there is an increase of temperature with height. When thermal contrast stops which as at thetop of the tropopause, wind is at its maximum. Which is why we can measure here for the Jetstream. Jetstreams occur where height of the thermal contrast is the greatest which is the tropopause. As we get into the stratosphere we know that temperature increases with height. Sun, as it heats and moistens, can affect causes unstable overturning. (turbulence in atmosphere)In the stratosphere temperature increases with height. The reason for this is because there is ozone in this layer that absorbs ultraviolent radiation from the sun, which then therefore warms the atmosphere up. Dirt or dust that gets into the stratosphere has a hard getting out. The reason for this is that the stratosphere is very stable; air just sits up there. Heat vs. TemperatureTemperature is proportional to the heat per unit mass of a substance– Proportionality constant is called the “heat capacity” of a substance– The higher the heat capacity, the