PSYCH 295 2nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-6Lecture 1 (August 26)Research methods Describe what it takes to be a Psychologists. (p. 3)-They are empiricists, they come to conclusions based on systematic observations. They base their conclusions off of experiments not emotion. -The meaning of anything is ambiguousRationalism vs. Empirical Theory Empirical Theory: we have no other source of knowledge in S or for the concepts we use in S other than sensory experience (notes) -Empirical Theory (book definition): the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, or reject a theory. It involves using our senses as the basis for our conclusions.Rationalism: some propositions in a particular subject area S are knowledgeable by us byintuition alone. Define Innate Knowledge Theory and Innate Concept Theory. Innate Knowledge Theory: we have some knowledge of some truth from birth.Innate Concept Theory: from a rational nature. Define psychology. What are the two parts? Psychology: the study of mind and behavior; knowledge; a science of mental life, both asa phenomena and their conditions (William James); a specific type of knowledge derived from the scientific method.Two parts of psychology:1. Methods hypothesis/ model testing 2. Knowledge derived from these methods What are some psychology challenges?-Hidden variables:-stimulus(independent variable)intervening(variables)response (Dependent variable)-you cannot measure everything, some variables are things such as emotion or knowledgeDefine emergent property. Who stated emergent property? Give an example.-Emergent property: (Gustalt) sum of the greater than the sum of its parts.-If you crush a car you lose the properties of driving status. Define monism, reductionist and dualism. Which is science based and which is philosophical based?Monism: mental properties can be reduced to physical substance; (science based) -Brain=mind Dualism: mental properties that are at least partially non-physical; (philosophical based) -Brain<mind Reductionist: an explination of complex life-science processes and phenomena in terms of laws and physics. Define emergence and list the properties. Emergence: process whereby larger entities, patterns, and regularities arise through interactions among smaller or simpler activities that themselves do no exhibit these properties. Skepticism: requires empirical proof to support a claim (scientific approach)Philosophical: requires logical proof to support a claim What does ‘Cogitio ergo sum’ mean? “I think therefore I am” -it is subject to scientific scrutinyWhat are the advantages to observing an experiment?1. Appropriate sample size (n=50)2. Control groups 3. Target difference between conditions 4. Inferential statistics 5. Multiple observersWhat are the Limits of Experiences, Limits of Authority, and the Limits of Research? -Limits of Experiences: Small sample size No control group -Limits of Authority:Bias of authority -Limits of Research:Bias of researchersScientific misconducts Errors in procedure What are the factors of Good Theories?1. Supported by data 2. Falsifiable 3. Parsimonious- all other things being equal, the simplest solution is the best (also known as Occam’s Razor) What is the difference between Occam’s Razor and Einstein’s Razor? Occam’s Razor: simplest is best Einstein’s Razor: you don’t want to cut things out if you are going to explain less.Lecture 2 (August 28) Name the 6 Classical Assumptions. 1. Nature is orderly; Laws of Nature describe order. 2. We know nature. Individuals are part of nature. Human nature can be studied like any other science.3. All phenomena have natural causes. 4. Nothing is self-evident. Truth claim must be demonstrated objectively. 5. Knowledge is derived from acquisition.6. Knowledge is superior to ignorance. - Every psychologist should be aware of the assumptions they hold about the universe - Its good to challenge your assumptions - Psychology needs innovations and out-of-the-box thinking Define science and confound. Science: is a systematic observation and hypothesis testing.Confound: alternative explanation of the results Science is not necessarily…. 1. Applicable to a particular question 2. Technology 3. Stats 4. Purely empirical 5. The only type of evidence Lecture 3 (September 2)Define ethics (both ethos and as rules). Ethics (ethos): character, everything has internal character; Ancient Greeks (Aristotle) Ethics (as rules): code, UtilitarianismWhy do we need ethics? -Difficult decisions like if releasing the results of experiment can then weaponized-To hold people accountable: manipulation, misconduct, and fabrication.Give an example of a study that would be considered ‘unethical.’-Milgram’s Obedience Study-They put an ad in the paper to participate in a memory study, when the participants arrived they met Mr. Wallace (confederate-actor) who was ‘randomly’ chosen to be the student and the participant the teacher. Mr. Wallace was strapped into a chair and the participant was given controls that read different amount of shocks and every time Mr. Wallace answers a question wrong they must press the control that ‘shocks’ Mr. Wallace who begins protesting but when they look to the authority they are told “keep going.” 65% of the participants delivered shocks to 450 volts. List the development of Ethic Codes. -Nazi experimentsNuremberg Code -Controversy: Tuskegee (syphilis), Thalidomide (anxiety drug) -WMA: Declaration of Helsinki (1964)- medical ethics code -National Research Act (1974)-Belmont Report What are the 3 principles of the Belmont Report? 1. Beneficence: (risk vs benefits) a. Physical harm, stress, privacy 2. Justice (equity)a. Participant diversity, IRB review 3. Respect for Persons (informed consent) a. Deception, autonomy, debriefing Lecture 4 (September 4) What are the 4 main principles psychologist should abide? 1. Principle A: Beneficeny: psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work with and do not create harm.2. Principle B: Fidelity: psychologists establish relationships of trust with those whom they work.3. Principle C: Integrity: psychology seeks to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness.4. Principle D: Fairness: justice should be offered to all people.5. Principle E: Respect for people’s rights and dignity: psychologists should respect the worth and dignity of all people. List the 8 aspects that must be followed in order to research humans. 1.