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UNT BIOL 4505 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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BIOL 4505 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 (August 25)Physiology is the study of the function of an organism. Fitness is the measure of viable offspring. Reasonsfor studying physiology include: 1) the basis of human health and disease, 2) for ecosystems/wild populations, 3) innovating technology, 4) models, 5) curiosity, 6) model organisms, 7) fundamental to all animals, aka “the great integrator”August Krogh was a Danish man who won the Nobel for this principle: for every physiological question, there is an animal ideally suited for providing the answer. Kjeli Johansen’s principle: if you can study an organism in Cleveland, then you should study something else.There are two main branches of physiology: mechanistic & evolutionary. Mechanistic involves: 1) developmental physiology, comparative physiology, P physiology, physiological ecology. Evolutionary involves evolutionary physiology, and evolutionary processes.Adaptation is a change in a specific trait due to the environment. This trait increases survival under certain conditions, or can increase fitness. These characteristics result from selection, and has come to be present at a high frequency in a population because it confers an increased probability of survival in a given environment. These traits are not always physically visable.Evolution is a change in an allele frequency over time, between generations. Natural selection occurs when there is a variation in traits, heritable in DNA, and provides a selective advantage that increases fitness.Lecture 2 (August 27) Ways to determine an adaptation: 1) reciprocal transplant experiment, 2) look at the phylogenetic reconstruction, 3) study lab populations over many generations, 4) alter the effect of a characteristicNot all traits in physiology are adaptive. Plietrophy is the control of an allele of a single gene is connectedwith another gene. Some mutations neutrally remain in a population. Genetic drif are random processesby chance including the bottleneck effect and the founder’s effect. Finally, phylogenic inertia is also a reason for non-adaptive traits.Acclimatization occurs in the field, while acclimation occurs in the lab, but both are the physiological or biochemical change due to change in the environment.Phenotypic plasticity express different phenotypes in different environments; the genotype x expression.Epigenetics are the idea that we have specific gene sequences and that manipulating this will also pass onto the next generation. Lecture 3 (August 29) A system at equilibrium has an internally stable state where no net change is possible without input or output. Passive-transport carries only in the direction of equilibrium. Active-transport is capable of opposing equilibrium. Two gradients can be present, dependent on 1) the concentration gradient of the amount of solute, 2) the electrical gradient of the attraction or repulsion of the molecules.Ion channels permit the passive transport of inorganic ions by diffusion through a membrane.Facilitated diffusion always occurs in the direction of electrochemical equilibrium. Solutes transported move faster than normal diffusion. Solutes bind reversibly with binding sites on transporter proteins. A ligand is a transporter protein that binds with a solute noncovalently and reversibly. The Na+-K+ pump exchanges 3 Na+ out of the cell for 2 K+ into the cell. Primary active transport draws energy immediately from the hydrolysis of ATP. Secondary active transport uses the energy from the primary from the electrochemical gradient of the solute.Donnan Equilibrium is the unequal distribution of ions across a membrane. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion., There are about 0 mOsm in freshwater, 1000 in saltwater, and 300-400 in humans. Lecture 4 (September 3) Cellular energetics is how cells use energy sources and transfer it into ATP and use that ATP to do work. Delta G is the maximum amount of energy that can be obtained from breaking a bond. Delta G = Delta H – Delta S where delta S is entropy of a molecule. Creatine phosphate is one way ATP is generated from ADP. Using creatine phosphokinase, PG + ADP -< ATP + creatine. This happens during rapid ATP production, and makes 2-8 mmol of ATP per gram. Lasts usually only 8 seconds in mammals.Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol. The net ATP gain = 2 ATP. If this is anaerobic, then it stops here. The rest occurs in the mitochondria, the site for aerobic metabolism. Humans use this pathway because it is very fast. However, lactic acid will build up and it will last as long as too much lactic acid doesn’t accumulate.Lecture 5 (September 5) Chemiosmotic theory: phophorylating in the presence of O2.3 NADHs and 1 FADH provide H+ concentration gradient to flow and produce ATP. Some energy is lost as heat. Uncoupling protein 1 is a channel found in the membrane of some mammals. Bran Oedipus tissue creates heat such as during hibernation. Human babies have patches of this on their back, and it has been studied that more obese people have less of this tissue. In birds, ANT is found in all cells. Throughout, there is a leakiness of H+ ions that are throughout the membrane.Fats enter glycolysis at the Krebs cycle at Acetyl CoA. Proteins can enter in multiple locations of the Krebscycle. Fatty acids therefore provide less ATP than glucose because of where it enters. Glucose produces more ATP per O2 to fatty acids because fatty acids are missing a FADH.Lecture 6 (September 8)NADH can pump 10 H+ ions = 3.7 ATP while FADH can pump 6 H+ ions. It takes about 22 H+ to make 1 ATP. The whole equation is Glucose + 36 ADP + 6O2 -> 36 ATP + 6CO2 + 42H20.Respiratory Quotient is the amount of CO2 produced over the amount of O2 consumed; RQ = (1/CO2)/(1/O2). Carbs have a RQ =1, Lipids RQ = 0.7, and Proteins RQ=0.8. Beta-oxidation metabolizes fatty acids.The general principles for energy use are: 1) different fuels are used in sequential order, 2) order of use based on environment availability and function, 3) preference depends on duration & intensity of exercise, 4) lactate is not a dead end, 5) fuel type dependent on the fiber-type like anaerobic or aerobic, 6) there is no “best” fuel.Metabolic rates are the amount of ATP production in animals. To measure aerobic, CO2 + O2 production/consumption. This method however does not look at glycolysis or anaerobic metabolism or reactive O2 species in mitochondria. Heat-controlled water bath can tell you how much heat you


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UNT BIOL 4505 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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