BNAD 302, Human Side of Organizations Lecture 3, Chapter 2Outline of Last LectureChapter 2, Management Theory-Historical perspective: classical, behavioral, and quantitative Lecture3, Chapter 2, Management TheoryI. Contemporary Perspective: systems, contingency, quality-management1. Systems Viewpoint:-Open system: interaction with environment vs. closed system: little interaction with environment A. The Four Points of a System:1. Inputs: people, money, equipment, and materials required to produce an organization’s goods or services2. Transformational processes: organization’s capabilities in management and technology that are applied to converting input into outputs3. Outputs: The products, services, profits, losses, employee, satisfaction for discontent, etc. produced by the organization4. Feedback: Information about the reaction of the environment to the outputs, which affects the inputs 2. Contingency Viewpoint:A. Emphasizes that a manager’s approach should vary according to the individual and the environmental situationB. Most practical because it addresses problems on a case-by-case basis-Quality: total ability of a product or service to meet customer needs -Quality control: the strategy for minimizing errors by managing each stage of productionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Quality assurance: focuses on the performance of workers, urging employees to strive for “zero defects” -Total quality management (TQM): comprehensive approach-led by top management and supported throughout the organization-dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction (Deming, Juran)1. Make continuous improvement a priority2. Get every employee involved3. Listen to and learn from customers and employees4. Use accurate standards to identify and eliminate problems -Learning organization: Handling Knowledge and Modifying Behavior - Organization that actively creates, acquires, and transfers knowledge within itself and is able to modify its behavior to reflect new knowledge-How to build a learning organization:1. Build a commitment to learning2. Work to generate ideas and impact3. Work to generalize with