HD 302 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 - 7Lecture 2 (August 25)Chapter 1: Process of ParentingDescribe the key roles of a parent and the largest influence on parenting styles.The role of a parent is to foster all aspects of the child’s growth in order for that child to become competent. In order for a parent to raise a competent child they must nourish, protect, and guide the child. More specifically, the parent must be able to build a sturdy relationship with the child, provide the child with basic necessities, discipline and teach the child valuable skills, and prepare the child to become an independent adult. The strongest influence on parenting styles is the parents developmental history. Most often the parenting style will be very similar to the way their parent raised him or her. Although usually parents do not purposefully act in a similar manner than their parents did, it is often a subconscious act. This occurs because that the most familiar method to him/her. Lecture 4 (September 3)Chapter 1: Process of ParentingWhat are the laws implemented by the US regarding necessary child care?The parents of a child are required to make sure the child has all the proper immunizations, is educated from years 5-18, has acceptable discipline, and is educated on how to be a proper law abiding citizen. Employers are required to give a family three months of unpaid leave after the birth of a child, the state must provide free public education for any child 5-18 years of age, and parents are eligible for a federal tax discount based on how many children they are raising. Lecture 5 (September 5)Chapter 2- Cultural Influences on ParentingDefine culture and explain the two cultural models of P.C. Relations:Culture is the set of values, beliefs, rituals, traditions, ways of thinking, and routines established by a group that is passed on to generations through language, customs, values, and activities. Researchers use two cultural models of P.C. Relations; these are the Independent Model and the Interdependent Model. The Independent or Individualistic Model emphasizes the importance of autonomy, independence, self-direction, and becoming a productive adult. Parents raise their children withhaving a verbal emphasis in mind, which includes constantly asking questions and emphasizingverbal self-expression and negotiation. Although the way parents decide to help their adult children is more of a matter of personal choice. The Interdependent or Collectivist Model emphasizes the importance of membership and obligation to the family and community, they believe in responsibility for harmonious social,family, and community relationships. Parents who use this model in raising their children usuallyemphasize the need for empathy, observation, participation, and respecting others and being obedient. Later in life, the parents usually help their adult children because they have a moral obligation to do so. Lecture 6 (September 8)Chapter 2- Cultural Influences on ParentingHow is culture transmitted? Define socialization and state the cultural influences:Culture is usually transmitted through socialization. Socialization is the process where parents or adults teach children valuable skills and beliefs regarding group life. They do this by modeling, narrating, participating in rituals, explaining things, and allowing the child to experience these things. Though parents will often teach or expose children to certain things so that they develop the values the parents have intended, it is ultimately the child’s own schema that determines their beliefs. The most common influences on culture are the race, ethnicity, social status, values, traditions, and religion of the group the child is surrounded by. Lecture 7 (September 10)Chapter 3- Learning to Parent; Theories and PracticesWhat is the parenting style theory? Explain the research done by Baumrind and Macoby and Martin. The parenting style theory emphasizes the importance of parenting and how parenting is a balance between holding limits, control, and guidance over the child while still providing love, warmth, and support. Diana Baumrind is a researcher who has devoted her life to studying parenting styles. She usually conducts her research using interviews, surveys, observations, and international studies. She has concluded that there are three types of parenting styles: permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian. Macoby and Martin are two researchers who have used Baumrind’s conclusion to help draw their own. They agree with Baumrind that permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian styles of parenting occur, but they also added a fourth style of parenting to the spectrum. They added the parenting style of being neglectful. In terms of the outcome of the child, usually those with authoritative parents are most likely to be self confident, socially competent, curious, and academically successful. Children raised by authoritarian parents tend to be cautious and distrustful. Those raised by permissive parents tend to be immature, impulsive, and usually struggle with self-management. Finally, children who experience the most problematic outcomes are often raised by neglectful parents; these children often are resentful, hostile, and lack social and academic