EXSS 276 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine SystemII. HormonesIII. ClassificationIV. Amplification of Hormone EffectsOutline of Current LectureI. Hormone Regulation in Blood II. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Glands – Master GlandsIII. Targets and Functions of Pituitary HormonesIV. The Endocrine System: Stress, Metabolic, Water/Electrolyte Balance HormonesCurrent LectureI. Hormone Regulation in Blood a. Stimuli provoking endocrine gland to start the production-secretion processb. 1. Humoral: some sort of chemical change in blood/body fluidi. Increased glucose in blood causes release of insulin by pancreasc. 2. Neural: signal from nervous systemi. Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fiber stimulates adrenal medulla to secrete catecholaminesd. 3. Hormonal: involves a hormonei. Pituitary gland secretes thyroid stimulating hormone tat in-turn causes thyroid gland to release T3 and T4e. Amount of each hormone varies f. Constant change in amount and type of stimulig. Regulated by feedback-loop mechanismsII. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Glands – Master Glands (because many physiologic functions affected)a. Hypothalamus = major integrating link btw the nervous and endocrine systemsi. Receives input from cortex, thalamus, limbic system, internal organsii. Controls pituitary gland w/ 9 different releasing and inhibiting hormonesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Hypothalamus and pituitary regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, homeostasisb. Hypothalamic Releasing Hormonesi. Releasing hormones (RH): control release of hormones from anterior pituitaryii. Releasing hormones made in hypothalamusiii. Released into hypophyseal portal system, travel to anterior pituitaryiv. Hypothalamus (source) => (stimulating or inhibiting) anterior pituitary1.2. Another hormone of anterior pituitary: a. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): secreted by CRHIII. Targets and Functions of Pituitary Hormonesa. Hormones w/ endocrine glands as targetsi. Thyrotropin (TSH): stimulate thyroid gland, stimulate TH production (T3 and T4)ii. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH): stimulate adrenal cortex, stimulate cortisol productioniii. Follicle Stimulating (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH): stimulate gonadsb. Hormones w/ organs/tissues as their targeti. Growth hormone: stimulate protein synthesis in tissues, maturation, bonegrowth, increase glucose and lipolysisii. Prolactin (PRL): mammary gland (lactation, reproduction)iii. Oxytocin*: labor contractions and lactationiv. Vasopressin* (ADH): vasoconstrictor and renal water reabsorption1. *Stored and released in posterior pituitary, but actually made in hypothalamus IV. The Endocrine System: Stress, Metabolic, Water/Electrolyte Balance Hormonesa. Stress Hormonesi. Adrenal glands: superior to renal glandsii. Outer part: adrenal cortex1. 3 types of hormones from 3 zones2. Zona glomerulosa: upper zone3. Zona fasciculate: middle zonea. Cells secrete mainly glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol)4. Zona reticularis: lower zone5. Cortisola. Most abundant of glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone)iii. Inner part: adrenal medulla1. Hormones of adrenal medulla2. Epinephrine: 80%3. Norepinephrine: 20%4. Both have:a. Metabolic effectsi. Increase substrate use and mobilizationii. Increase glycogen breakdowniii. Increase lipolysisb. Cardiovascular effectsi. Increase heart rateii. Increase force of contractioniii. Increase blood pressureiv. Increase blood flow to heart, liver, muscle, adipose tissuev. Dilation of airways5. Stimuli for release of catecholamines: a. Increases SNS activity, decrease in blood glucose, increase in emotional stress, exerciseb. Link btw catecholamines and SNS (Sympathetic Nervous System)i. Stressful situations; exercise => hypothalamus => increase SNS activity => adrenal medulla => release catecholamines => target tissues (liver, adiposetissue, skeletal muscle, heart, blood vessels, airways)6. STRESSa. General adaptation syndrome:i. Fight or flight – immediateii. Resistance – longer termiii. Exhaustion –