These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Continuation of Evidence that evolution has occurred a. More on Homology b. Vestigial traits II. Evidence of Change over time a. Viewing evolutionary change III. View of Evolution Pre-naturalist Era a. 17th century groundwork Outline of Current Lecture II. The Enlightenment of the 18th Century and major Naturalist Theories a. Carolus Linneaus b. William Smith c. William Paley d. Lamarck e. Malthus f. Lyell III. Development of Charles Darwin’s Theory a. Voyage on the HMS Beagle b. Galapagos Islands c. Alfred Russell Wallace Current Lecture The enlightenment (18th century) • Triumph of reason! This provoked a backlash against the church. Religion was beginning to be viewed as superstition and not as important as rational thought o Growth of materialist philosophy! People began to look at actual “material”, real things and study them in nature for answers rather than looking to God and religion for answers • People began looking at the Earth’s history • The new classification derived from Carolus Linneaus! still believed in Gods plan. He believed that he was revealing God’s plan and he viewed a hierarchical classification as the order in which “God’s creatures were created” o Around the mid 1700’s classification of organisms reached a glorious form thanks to Botanist Linneaus o He organized all known living things at the time into a hierarchy of groups known as Taxa. He could assign all living things into a genus family or order based off of shared physical traits with other organisms o System known as Taxonomy and is still used today BIO 280 1st Editiono Yet, Linneaus believed that overall, for most part, life has not changed its form since biblical era. He did acknowledge that plants could interbreed and produce hybrids • William smith: British canal surveyor. He found that the same kinds of fossils appearing in older rock layers. He also found that differently formed fossils appeared in newer rock layers. By 1800’s geologist agree that the earth was shaped over time. He created the first geological map • William Paley! wrote a book that influenced Darwin about natural theology. Darwin was fascinated with the link between form and function. Paley believed in natural theology o Paley’s argument! He used a pocket watch for his analogy as an argument for design. He said that if we were to walk along and find something that was created that was as complex as a pocket watch, for example, it is impossible that something so intricate could just come about without the knowledge of a creator. God created a design that works because it is so complicated that there was no other possible way. • Jean Baptist Lamarck! one of the first to accept that species can change over time. He came up with one of the first scientific theories and was considered an early transmutationist. o First full theory of evolution from ancestors But not from common ancestor! from microbes. o He believed in a progressive body-change force and that organisms inherited acquired characteristics. " Inherited modification! an organism modified over its life time can pass on that modification to its offspring o He theorized that new species spontaneously came about all the time. This was his explanation of why microbes are around today. o Organisms were driven inexorably from simplicity to complexity. o Did not accept extinction! fossils were organisms that evolved into their modern forms. • Thomas Robert Malthus (Essay on the Principle of Population 1797) o The first to theorize the Struggle for existence! Darwin used this to develop his theory o He believed that the population would grow faster than ability to produce resources so the poor would always be poor and that was the way god wanted it to be. Population growth always outstrips the ability to produce food. " Only those who could adapt to societies needs could survive and reproduce • Charles Lyell (Principle of Geology 1830) o Idea of uniformitarianism! Recognzed the great age of earth and that it has changed through small changes over a vast period of time! o Darwin used this idea to develop his theory! When Darwin was in Chile, he experienced an earthquake and beach rose a few feet. He realized Lyll was right. o Lyell believed in the idea of a Steady state earth! steady rate of change in the earth . o He argued that there were incomplete fossil records, and they have just see part of the big picture.! Darwin liked this idea as well o Main theory: The Geological features we see today must have developed very slowly over a very long period of time! things developed the same the way do today! very slowly! Darwin was fascinated by hes theory. o Lyell was a man of god did not believe this was true for organisms.o He explained fossils by some species go extinct through time but God created more species spontaneously. Development of Charles Darwin’s theory • Life and times: o Originally went to Cambridge to become a clergy man o Grew bored with that religious view: began to devour books written by previous naturalists (Lyell, Malthus ect.) • In 1831 Darwin was offered a position as a gentlemen’s companion to a Captain Aboard the HMS Beagle. o Captain Robert Fitzroy! Darwin went with him to go surveying around the world o The whole voyage took about 5 years o Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) o He Studied geology! beaches becoming mountains after earthquakes (lyells idea was proven) o He studied fossils • Darwin studied finches on Galapagos Islands: o He found various different birds across the island that had different morphological features o James Gould, ornithologist, confirmed that all different beaked birds were finches. This discovery helped Darwin conclude that all life had evolved o He studied the biogeography that accompanied this evolutionary thought. • In 1842, he drew up a sketch of his theory • In1844, he produced a full essay but had no intention of publishing it o He included novel ideas about natural selection and changes in species over the years o Darwin kept his theories to himself. He was worried because