BIO 311C 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Overall Review of Lectures:Isotopes are the atoms that have the same chemical properties as a specific element but a different number of neutrons hence a different mass.Evidence of isotopes: The average mass of an element is not a whole number Quantum Model: Forces of attraction from the positively charged nucleus will hold the fast moving electrons in place. Reactivity of atoms depends on the valence electrons of the atoms Atoms react to attain atomic Zen or a stable octant. SCHNOP – six main elements of life Difference between electronegativity determines the type of bond that is formed between two elements• Non-polar Covalent: Difference < 0.5 • Polar Covalent: 0.5 < Difference < 1.8 • Ionic: Difference > 1.8 Water is a polar molecule with oxygen having partial negative while the hydrogen having partial positive charges.The partial charges between hydrogen and another strongly electronegative atom forms a hydrogen bond. Water has a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization.Water is cohesive and adhesive. Buffers neutralize acidic and basic conditions. Monomers are put together by condensation reactionsPolymers are broken down by hydrolysis. Carbohydrates store energy, help out with structure and play a role in signaling and recognition.Glycosidic linkages are formed as a result of condensation reactions and they hold the monomers together.Enzymes are needed to break down
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