GEO 211 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 (August 20)What are the elements of Weather and Climate?Temperature- how cold or warm it isAir pressure- force (weight) exerted by mass of air above a given point, will throw off other variables if slightly changed, cold air (dense)= high pressureHumidity- air’s water vapor content, more vapor in the air= more humidity, condenses and forms into very small droplets of water, bunch together becomes cloudsClouds- clusters of condensed fine droplets of water in the atmosphere, doesn’t predict rainfall/hail, certain process has to occur in clouds to create rainPrecipitation- water that falls as rain, hail, or snowWind- simply “moving air”, moves at different mphWhat is weather?Atmospheric conditions of a particular place and time. Uses same data to find climate.What is climate?Weather of an area averaged over a long period of time (30 year period). Takes average conditions and find the norm.What is the composition of the atmosphere?Permanent gasesNitrogen- 78%Oxygen- 21%Variable gaseso Vary in proportion (not a lot of %)Water vapor- 0 to 4%Carbon dioxide- 0.039%o Methane, nitrous oxide, ozoneLecture 2 (August 22)What are the layers of the atmosphere based on temperature, chemical composition, and function?- Temperatureo Troposphere- Height varies in latitude, about 11 miles high near the equator/6 miles near the poles, temperatures decrease higher amounts at lapse rate of 3.5°F/1000 feet (called the environmental or normal lapse rate), has most of atmosphere’s mass (90%)o Stratosphere- temperature increases upward (temperature inversion), layer with maximum ozone concentration, less turbulent layer than troposphereo Mesosphere- temperature decreases upward, atmospheric pressure is very low (few molecules), thin air, average temperature= -130°Fo Thermosphere- extends to about 300 miles from mesosphere, temperature increases upward- Chemical compositiono Homosphere- layer below about 50 miles, composition of air is fairly constant (homogeneous)o Heterosphere- Upper atmosphere above 50 miles, composition of air varies with height (heterogeneous), reveals 4 layers of gases arranged according to their atomic weightLecture 3 (August 25)- Functiono Ozonosphere- important to plants and animals, doesn’t allow certain sun rays to hit Earth, lower layer with ozone (03) gas, max concentrations in stratosphere- 03 also broken down by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)- Synthetic, breaks down in stratosphere and releases chlorine (can be in the atmosphere for a year)- Released chlorine destroys ozone in a series of stepso Ionosphere- upper Earth’s atmosphere, absorbing more high energy from the Sun (more broken/ionized), electrified region because gases have been ionized- Broken gases create a layer of fairly concentrated ions/free electrons- F layer: low density- E layer: average density- D layer: high densityWhat are Chlorofluorocarbons?CFCs are refrigerants, as propellants for the blowing of plastic-foam insulation, and as solvents for cleaning electronic microcircuits that have the potential of raising the global temperature in the atmosphere. They also help in destroying the gas ozone in the stratosphere. Contains chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. What are ions?An electrically charged atom, molecule, or particle that are arranged in 3 layers of varying density*F layer- low densityE layer- average densityD layer- high density Lecture 4 (August 27) What is Energy?The capacity to do work, or move matter (mass)What is the source of energy that affects weather?Solar radiation How does radiant energy differ from heat energy?Heat energy is transferred from one object to another because of the temperature difference between them and is important for geologic changes while radiant energy is energy from the sun possessed by vibrating particles and is important for lifeWhat is chemical energy?Energy that is stored in chemical compounds. A substance also possesses potential energy if it can do work when a chemical change takes place.What is kinetic energy?The energy within a body that is a result of its motionWhat are the methods of heat transfer?Conduction- molecule to molecule transfer of heat energy as it diffuses within a substance Convection- heat transfer that involves movement of molecules, takes place in liquids and gases because they can move freely, happens naturally in the atmosphere, vertical exchange of heatRadiation- transfer of heat in electromagnetic waves as from the Sun to the Earth, can transfer through a medium/vacuumWhat are the three temperature scales?Kelvin scale (K) - also called absolute scale, contains no negative numbers Celsius scale (C) - the number 0 on the scale is assigned to the temperature at which pure water freezes, number 100 is when pure water boilsFahrenheit (F) - number 32 is the temperature when water freezes, 212 is the number when water boilsConversionsCF: F°= (C° X 1.8) + 32F  C: C°= (F° - 32) X 0.556C  K: K= C° + 273What is absolute zero?A temperature reading of -273°C, -460°F, or 0K. The atoms and molecules would possess a minimum amount of energy and theoretically no thermal motion.Lecture 5 (August 29)How is it related to radiation?Since there is no energy, no object can emit any radiation. What is the Law of conservation of energy (or first law of thermodynamics)?Energy cannot be created nor can it be destroyed. It changes from one form to another in any ordinary physical or chemical process.What do we mean when we say energy is conserved?It means all the energy you had before the reaction is equal to all the energy you have after the reaction.How does the sun radiate energy?By nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its coreWhat are all the types of the electromagnetic spectrum?What are the percentages of the amount of energy the sun radiates in various regions of the spectrum?7% ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma ray44% visible light37% near infrared12% longer than 1.5µmLecture 6 (September 3) What is Stefan-Boltzmann’s law?A law of radiation which states that the amount of radiant energy emitted from a unit surface area of an object (ideally a blackbody) is proportional to the fourth power of the object’s absolute temperature- As the temperature of an object increases, more total radiation is emitted each secondWhat is Wien’s law?A law of radiation which states that the