BIOL 3427 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of current lectureI. Primary growth from apical meristemsII. Three processes of developmentIII. Three tissue systemsa. Protective function: like bar kInternal Organization of the plant body:II. TissuesA. Structural and functional units of cellsB. Grouped into tissue systems in plantsa. Ground (Fundamental)i. Filler tissue in plantii. No major functioniii. Photosyntheticb. Vasculari. Conductive system for plantc. Dermali. Protective outer covering for entire plantIII. Characteristic patterna. Vascular tissues embedded in bundles ground tissuesi.The ground tissue is also called the cortexii.Tissue in vascular bundles is called the pithiii.Surrounded by ground tissueiv.Functions in protection of some sortb.Dermal tissue forms outer coveringIV.Simple versus complex tissuesa.Simple: one cell type ground tissueb.Complex tissue: two or more cell types ex. Vascular and dermal tissueV.Photosynthesis:a.Function in secretion, storage, and transportb.Travel short distances to transfer water or sugars to the vascular tissueVI.Ground tissuesa.Collenchymai.Living at maturity1.Common in strands or cylinders2.Usually elongatedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3.Unevenly thickened4.Support young growing5.Lots of cellular space, therefore diffusion of gases have plasmodesmata6.Nonlignified primary wall (flexible)VII. Vascular tissuesa. Xylemb. Water-conducting tissue in vascular plantsi. Also mineral transport, support, food storage1. Runs all the way to the base of the plant continuouslyc. Derived fromi. Procambium (primary xylem)ii. Vascular cambium (secondary xylem)1. Looks the same but comes from different meristems2. Increases length of width and girthd. Principal conducting cellsi. Tracheids1. Less specialized, lacking perforations (just have pits)a. More ancientb. Less efficient at carrying water than vessal elementsc. Clustered togetherd. Only type in most seedless, vascular plants, gymnospermsii. Vessel elements1. Main conducting cell in angiospermsa. Can also have tracheidsb. Differentiate primary wallc. Dissolves to form perforations2. Trade-offs with perforations; widtha. Have perforations; form tubes called vesselsb. Generally more efficient in delivering wateriii. Differentiation1. Programmed cell deathiv. Other xylem cells1. Have complex tissuea. Parenchyma for storage short term (water, minerals)b. Fibers for support and storagec. Scleroids sometimesVIII.Vascular tissuesa. Phloem: Carrying sugars from leaves to plant bodyi. Transports food, amino acids, lipids, hormones, floral stimulus, proteins, and virusesii. Principal conducting cells (trachiery elements)1. Sieve elementsa. Sieve cells (Cluster of pores)i. Gymnosperms-sieve areas uniformly distributedb. Sieve tube elementsi. Angiosperms1. Stacking upsieve plate2. Sieve elements (huge trees)a. Primary walls: Used for transporting sugars and must have cell membranei. Living protoplasts at maturity1. Cytosol2. Golgi apparatus3. Nucleus4. Tonoplast5. Ribosomeii. But some organelles broken down during differentiation (needs help)iii. Callose and P-protein1. Contents spill outa. Blue staining polysaccharide +smooth ER in sieve cellsb. Blocks pores of sieve areasc. Work with phloem proteinsd. Lines sides of cell walle. Protein plug up injuryi. Prevents sugar lossIX. Parenchymaa. Companion cells (with all organelles)i. In angiospermsii. Connected to sieve-tube elementsiii. “life support” supply ATPb. Aluminous cellsi. In gymnospermsii. Associated with sieve cells1. Loosely associated with sieve cells2. But not actually derived with mother cellc. Other cells for storaged. Fibers and sclereids (Sclerenchyma)i. Short term; short distance storageii. Stoma: guard cells and poreX. Dermal Tissuesa. Epidermisi. Outermost cell layer of primary plant bodyii. Specialized cells1. Guard cellsa. Regulate opening/closing of stomatab. Important for gas exchange;lets out water vaporc. Flanked by sunsdiary cellsd. Primary plant body: covered with cuticlei. Protective function against water loss ii. Controls stem elongation2. Trichomesa. Hairs/ diversely shaped epidermal projectionsb. Most epidermal cells unspecializedc. Various functionsd. Repairs on rootse. Aiding in absorption of water and mineralsf. Prevents water loss; reflects lightg. Get minerals through airh. Insect defensesi. Found in carnivorous plants that trap insects for digestionb. Peridermi. Replaces epidermis in secondary growthii. Comprised of:1. Cork outside2. Cork Cambium (Secondary meristem)a. Circular, exterior, arises from cortex3. Pheloderm (parenchyma) a. Producing phelodermXI. Introduction to MutationsCurrent LectureReview of Organic MoleculesI. Four major types in living organismsa. Carbohydratesb. Lipids c. Proteinsd. Nucleic AcidsII. Carbohydratesa. Sugarsb. Most hydrophilicc. Function?III. Monosaccharidesa. Glucosei. Primary Source of Chemical energyb. Ribosei. 5C SugarIV. Disaccharidesa. Sucrosei. Glucose and Fructoseii. Form of sugar transport from leaves and plant bodyV. Polysaccharidesa. Starchi. Primary storage polysaccharides in plants made of glucoseb. Amylosei. Unbranched chain of glucosec. Cellulosei. Principal structural component of cell wall, made of glucoseii. Not digestible by plants, only microorganismsd. Chitini. Principal component of fungal cell walls and exoskeleton of insects and crustaceansVI. Lipidsa. fats and fatlike substancesb. hydrophobicc. function?i. Energy storage1. Triglycerides=3 Fatty acids + glycerold. Structural purposesi. Phospholipids in cell membraneii. fats and oilsiii. triglyceridesiv. energy storage in seeds and fruitsv. tend to be unsaturated (double bonded Carbon in structure)vi. -liquid at room temperaturevii. -Examples include: Sunflower, peanut, and corn oilVII. Phospholipidsa. Form phospholipid bilayer in cell membranei. Hydrophobic polar bonds outwardii. Hydrophilic nonpolar fatty acids tails inwardVIII. Barriers to water lossa. Cutini. Covers outer wall of epidermal cells in stems leavesb. Suberini. In walls of cork (outer bark) cellsc. Waxesi. Most water repellant; found in Carnarba Wax palm leavesIX. Steroidsa. Have four interconnected hydrocarbon ringsb. cell membranesi. Sterols stabilize phospholipid tailsX. hormonesXI. -Antheridiol in water moldXII. -Brassins promote growth in certain stemsXIII. -Estrogen?XIV.XV. ProteinsXVI. polymers