GSU BIOL 3800 - Exam 1 Study Guide (4 pages)

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BIol 3800 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 2 Lecture 1 August 28th Sepetember 4th Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells have DNA that is enclosed within a cell nucleus where Prokaryotic cells just have their DNA floating around or in a stationary area and unprotected by a nucleus Eukaryotic cells are more complex Eukaryotic cells have larger and more complex ribosomes The cytoplasm of the Prokaryotic cell has no membrane bound organelles Difference between covalent bonds and noncovalent Interactions covalent bonds connect atoms into a molecule so within molecule non covalent bonds stabilize groups of atoms with and between molecules Hydration shell e g when NaCl dissolved in water water molecules that orient themselves towards the ion they break the hydrogen bonds to their nearest neighbors The group of water molecules oriented around an ion is called a hydration shell Types of macromolecules 1 Nucleic acids DNA RNA molecules that enable living organisms to reproduce genetic information from one generation to the next 2 Carbohydrates Molecules that provide fuel and build structures in the body 3 Proteins Molecules that provide structural support storage transport cell communication movement and defense 4 Lipids Molecules that store energy and regulate the body s metabolic processes General structures of amino acids how are they linked together to make a peptide All amino acids found in proteins have this basic structure differing only in the structure of the R group or the side chain The simplest and smallest amino acid found in proteins is glycine for which the R group is a hydrogen H A peptide bonds is a covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule causing the release of a molecule of water How to deermine whether the amino acid is polar or nonpolar 1 Non polar If the side chain contains a hydrocarbon alkyl group or a benzene