ANT102 Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. ArcheologyII. Linguistic AnthropologyOutline of Current Lecture II. Development of Evolutionary Theorya. Middle Ages World Viewb. Age of Discovery-various influential peopleCurrent LectureDevelopment of Evolutionary TheoryMiddle Ages World View: - People strongly believed evolutionary theory couldn’t exist due to their world view- Their world view was shaped by:o Stasis: they believed nature didn’t change Lived in a feudal societyo Fixity of species: no new plants/animals occurred and no extinction o The Great Chain of Being: the way they made sense of the world –humans want to organize, place order, and categorize. The Great Chain of Being is how they did this  All God’s creatures were ordered in a hierarchy o God’s Grand Design: The world/universe was believed to be God’s creation. It was believed that everything seen was created by Him as it was because it was so complex, that he must have designed it o Recent Creation: Belief that the Earth was created recently- no billion year ideaDuring the Age of Discovery (In hand with the Scientific Revolution) the Middle Ages World Viewbegan to be questioned - Explorers went out, saw biodiversity, God’s creation in Western Europe was questioned These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Many new ecosystems and races of people- Laws of gravity and motion came about in God’s creation went into large speculation o Now it was thought that God created everything, but was not actively involvedJohn Ray (1627-1705) Naturalist (early biologist)- 1st to group plants and animals in a way that distinguishes them in the form they took- Concept of species: individual within a population that can reproduce with others in the population- There are some species more closely related than others (he thought in terms of appearance not evolution)Carolus Ingeus (1707-1778)- Made the hierarchical classification that we use today- Added class and order – four level taxonomical system- First to include humansGeorge Louis Lecture Title: Comte De Buffon (1707-1788)- He kept the king’s gardens in Paris- Believed in a degree of malleability in plantsJean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)- First to outline a theory that explained changes over time (evolutionary process)- Giraffe example- he thought the giraffe was originally short necked, but kept stretching, and it just stretched out over time- As environment changes, animals have to adapt behavioral patterns to survive and the change in muscles and organs was transmitted to the offspringGeorges Cuvier (1773-1833)- Vehemently opposed Lamarck - Documented that species have gone extinct- First paleontologist - Found fossils that were no longer alive- True believer in fixity of species (conventional religious beliefs)- Believed extinction was caused by a catastrophe God sent down such as not surviving the great floodCharles Lyell (1797-1875)- Darwin’s mentor- Principles of Geology – one of greatest scientific publications - Documented mountain ranges, how moss changes soil, etc -very detailed- Uniformitarianism- contradicts Cuvier o What we see (geological formations) are from long a slow process of geology that we see todayo Water flooding, fault lines= earth rising and produces mountains etco Same uniform process over millions of yearsThose are what yielded geological forms we have nowRecognized the extremity of time -Questioned the “young” earthThomas Malthus (1766-1834)- Essay on the principle of population - Wanted population controls- Humans and other species grow faster than the resource base to support them – toomany off spring which triggers competition for survival <key component of Darwin’s Theory “survival of the fittest”Charels Darwin (1809-1882)- Sat on theory for 15 years before publishing it because of the impact it would have on his well established family in Victorian