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UGA GEOL 4320-6320 - 4320ExamLecture01

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GEOL 4320/6320 Lecture Exam – November 10, 2011 Draft of October 23, 2011 Three to six of the following questions will account for at least 85% of the points on a closed-note closed-book 75-minute exam. You will be expected to answer every question that is asked on the exam, so that you are responsible for all of the following questions. 1. What are, to date, the depths of the world's deepest onshore petroleum well, the world's deepest offshore petroleum well, and the world's deepest well of any sort? (Rounding to multiples of 5000 feet is acceptable for these answers.) Where was each drilled? 2. What solutes are typically most abundant in the deep waters of the sedimentary basins? Put a star next to the one that is typically most abundant. 3. What are the three mechanisms that make the bit turn at the bottom of boreholes drilled in the early Twenty-first Century? 4. What is or are the role or roles of drilling mud in the drilling of a petroleum borehole? 5. What kinds of blowout preventers are used in drilling petroleum boreholes? Sketch the external appearance of a set of them and label the two principle kinds that should be evident. 6. Explain the differences between drilling pipe, drilling riser, casing, and tubing. 7. What kinds of drilling mud have been and/or are presently used in drilling petroleum boreholes? 8. What is the relevance of the existence and kind of drilling mud used in a particular borehole to a geoscientist who, years later, has no physical connection to the drilling of that borehole? 9. What is overpressure, and why should a geoscientist care? 10. What information typically appears on a mud log? 11. What process and/or measurement does the logging tool do in generating a ______ log, and what lithologic characteristic(s) do we think the log tells us? 12. As you hand your completed exam to the instructor in the hallway, say the name of the oldest and most internationally recognizable well-logging company. 13. What can be the cause of missing section in the logs of a borehole?14. Petroleum can be divided into five categories of organic compounds. For each, give the name and sketch a representative or small typical structure. Put a star next to the two that are most abundant in most crude oils. 15. What are the two more-or-less scientific explanations of the origin of petroleum, and what lines of evidence support each? 16. Envision a body of organic-rich sediment that is deposited on the sea floor and subsequently buried to great depth. At what stages, as defined by depth and/or temperature and/or time, in its history are hydrocarbons emitted from such a sediment, and what is their chemical nature? 17. What does Rock-eval do, what does it report, and what can be inferred from it? 18. What is API gravity, and what other characteristics of petroleum are commonly correlative with it? 19. Sketch a typical whole-oil gas chromatogram, labeling the axes and indicating the significance of the peaks. 20. What is primary migration, and how does it happen? 21. What kinds of rocks commonly function as seals for petroleum accumulations, and why do they do so? 22. What determines, at the most fundamental level, whether a particular stratum functions as a seal or as a migration pathway for a particular accumulation of petroleum? 23. What determines whether a fault functions as a seal or as a migration pathway for petroleum? 24. Define porosity and explain how geoscientists commonly quantify it. 25. Make a table showing a classification of porosity by its relationship to rock fabric and to its time of origin. 26. What is the porosity of a typical moderately sorted sand? What range of porosity is found in petroleum reservoir rocks? What accounts for the difference between the first answer and the second? 27. What kind of porosity is most commonly envisioned by explorationists, or by their less-than-thoroughly-geologically-aware management, as the principle residence of hydrocarbons in petroleum accumulations? 28. What is permeability, by what unit or units do geoscientists commonly quantitatively measure it, and what are typical quantitative values of permeability in reservoir rocks?29. The attached diagram shows the results of mercury-injection tests of three reservoir rocks. Which is the curve for the most permeable reservoir rock? Explain why you make that inference from that curve. 30. Make one micro-scale sketch of grains and fluids in a petroleum reservoir before its exploitation and one of the same afterwards. Subdivide the fluids to the maximum extent possible. 31. Make a large-scale sketch of a petroleum reservoir, showing the locations of different fluids and labeling all of the relevant features. 32. Make a list of categories of trapping mechanisms, listing subsets where appropriate. Put a star (a five-pointed figure) next to the most common category, and put an asterisk (a six-to-eight-pointed figure) next to the most abundant subset of at least one category. 33. Define or explain the concept of the petroleum system. 34. What are the relative thermal conductivities of various siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, carbonate rocks, and salt (halite), and why is this of interest to petroleum geoscientists? 35. When given a seismic section or map, what questions should a geoscientist ask about that section or map before beginning to interpret it? 36. Explain, using a sketch or sketches, what goes into generating a single vertical seismic trace on a seismic


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