BIOL 310 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Previous Lecture- MendelismI. Testing agreement of hypotheses and dataa. Chi-Squaresb. What is a P-ValueII. Mendels tests: F2’s of round, yellow X wrinkled, greenOutline of Current Lecture:I. Chi squaresIII. What are genes and where are they located?a. Discoveries post MendelI. Chi-SquaresWorking hypothesis- if you accept the null, you accept the working; if you reject the null, you must reject the working because there is too much deviation due to chance. F2 Obs. Exp Exp Progeny Num. Prop # O-E (O-E)2/Eround, yellow 315 9/16 313 2 4/313round, green 108 3/16 104 4 16/104wrinkled, yellow 101 3/16 104 -3 9/104wrinkled, green 32 1/16 35 -3 9/35556 16/16 556 0 .54*** portions highlighted MUST be present to get full credit on an exam*** = .54 d.f.=4 classes -1 = 3 DF By inspection, P =*to find P go to the table and look for .54 under the 3 DF. Our .975 < chi squared <.9- Should we accept or reject null hypothesis at the 5% level?o Accept the null, There is a small amount of deviation because our P value > .05- If we accepted the null hypothesis, do the results "PROVE" that the working hypothesis is correct??These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o No, it doesn’t. Accepting only confirms that the data is consistent with the hypothesis. - If we rejected the null hypothesis, do the results "PROVE" that the working hypothesis is incorrect??- If reject null hypothesis with a P value of 0.04, how often do you expect to reject a potentially valid hypothesis, i.e. theoretically, how often would this much deviation be due to random chance aloneo About 4%- If set rejection cutoff at P≤ 0.01, o Would we accept more or fewer correct hypotheses? Accept more null hypothesis and more alternative hypotheses. o Would we accept more or fewer incorrect hypotheses? Accepting more correct hypotheses would force you to accept more incorrect hypotheses as well. - Practice Problem:Mendel crossed true breeding tall plants with indented pods with homozygous short plants withsmooth pods. All the F1 plants were tall, with smooth pods.- Which traits are dominant and recessive.o Dominant- tall & smooth Recessive- short & indented- Create allele names/designations to represent the various traits.o T = tall t=shorto S = smooth s = indentedMendel then crossed the F1 plants with short plants with indented pods.Based on the above information, what types of plants and in what ratios would you expect among the offspring of the 2nd cross.Tall smoothTall indentedShort smoothShot indentedS ss Ss sss sS ssT_ = ½ tt = ½ S_=1/2 ss=1/2Tall short smooth indentedIf Mendel actually observed the following results:Phenotype Number Ratio Expect. # O-E  Short, smooth 307 1/4 404 -97 23Tall, indented 294 1/4 404 -110 30Short,indented 105 1/4 404 -299 221Tall,smooth 910 1/4 404 506 6341616 1 1616 0 908** you are responsible for producing the numbers in yellow.**Perform a chi-square test to determine whether the data Mendel observed are consistent with your hypothesis.- What are your Chi-squared and P values? df= 4-1 =3 P= off the chart to the right so P << .025- Do you accept or reject the null hypothesis?o Reject - Do you accept or reject the working hypothesis?o Reject- Is the data consistent with your hypothesiso Data is inconsistent with the hypothesisPascal’s TriangleII. What are genes and where are they located?HOW DO WE KNOW WHERE GENES ARE LOCATED?1902 (SUTTON/BOVERI) used microscopes to conclude: - Genes are on chromosomesBased on:o Egg and sperm must carry genetic information.o Sperm has no cytoplasm, therefore genetic material in nucleus. Same in the female eggo Chromosomes in pairs in somatic cells o Only 1 of each pair of identical chromosomes in sex cells  2 unit factors for each somatic cell  1 unit factor in each gamete- What Mendelian predictions were NOT addressed by the above observations and deductions:o Independent assortmenta. Discoveries Post-MendelSubsequently:- Morgan (1910)-Discovered that unit factor for eye color in Drosophila (white eye gene) waso Polytene chromosomes – chromosomes that replicate but never separate during mitosiso The chromosome for eye color was on the X chromosomeo Morgan connected a specific phenotype to a specific chromosome Showed that phenotypes were connected to chromosomes- What Mendelian prediction/hypothesis did this address and how?o Independent assortment- Carothers (1913)-Used chromosome translocations in grasshopper gametes, to show that non-homologous chromosomeso Discovered translocation – genes exchange onto different chromosomes during