Lecture 2Outline of Last LectureI. ComputationII. Examples of Neuroscience CasesOutline of Current LectureI. AnatomyII. LesionsIII. RecordingIV. MRICurrent LectureThere are multiple types of neuroscience experiments and data. Some are…A. Anatomya. Camillo Golgi: i. stained neurons ii. His interpretation: Reticular Theory: all cells are connected so that the brain is like 1 cell with subdivisionsb. Santiago Ramon & Cajal: i. Golgi’s technology + microscope +artistic abilityii. His interpretation: Neuron Doctrine: individual cells (neurons) have similar processes and must communicate with one anotheriii. CORRECT THEORY!c. Wiring diagrami. How parts are connectedii. Kill brain and look for dead partsd. MRI connectivity maps: i. Shows axonsii. “brainbow” picture seen on PowerPointB. Lesionsa. Experiments testing lesions are done by either…i. Neuropsychology: on already damaged humansii. Experimental lesions: on animals with induced lesionsb. Reversible lesions: infuse a substance into the brain to temporarily silence the neuronsi. EX: optogenetics: “shine light on these neurons and they go quiet”1. Messes with the ion channels2. Gives specificity for type of neuronsC. Recording a. Neurons are electrical devices, therefore their voltage can be measuredb. When an electrode is stuck inside of the cell, you can see… NEU 330 1st Editioni. Fluctuations, aka neurons thinkingii. Extracellular actionsiii. Full voltagesc. Voltage clampi. Preferred over electrodesii. Important discovery in understanding how neurons work D. MRIa. Measures O2 levels of bloodb. Shows which parts of the brain are active at any momentc. O2 levels in specific area of brain drop when that part is active NEU 330 1st