Applied/ “Clinical” ProfessionalsMust be licensedPsychologists:Licensed psychologists can administer psychotherapyOnly a few states where psychologists can prescribe drugsPsychiatrists can also administer psychotherapyAre also medical doctorsCan administer prescriptionsClinical Social WorkerCan administer psychotherapyProfessional CounselorEither masters or bachelors degree in some psychological fieldResearchHow do we know what we know?Is the foundation of the psychological fieldApplications of psychology in theory and the field are based in researchPsychology – the study of how we think, feel and behaveThe Need for Psychological ScienceIntuitionBelieving something because it feels rightOkay in some instancesWe need to do more than have intuitionCommon SenseWe can’t rely on common senseMaybe common sense and research finding may be the same but we need empirical evidenceEmpirical EvidenceClaims and research findings based in observation or experimentation – very importantHindsight BiasThe “I knew it all along” phenomenon“Hindsight is 20/20”does not provide a good foundation based in researchOver confidenceSometimes we think we know a lot more than we actually knowMany times researchers must replicate experiments to see if the findings are truly the sameThe Scientific Attitude:A. CuriosityB. SkepticismDon’t be gullibleC. HumilityCritical ThinkingExamine the argumentEvaluate the quality of the researchEX: choosing strategies that are well founded and proven to bring about good resultsConsider who the subjects were, how the data was found and how they collect that dataConsider alternate argumentsAre there other explanations or theories?Avoid emotional reasoningAuthority/expertise, own bias“if they say this, it must be true”no, it must be substantiatedRemember, not much is black and white, all or nothingThere are very few things in life that are purely black and white in natureThis is not always possible in psychologyDon’t oversimplifyTolerate uncertaintyBe open mindedWhat do you believe and why?This is importantCritically evaluate experiments, research and findings that are presented to youPsychology is a Natural ScienceReliance on empirical evidenceScientific method to construct theoriestheories lead to hypotheseshypotheses lead to research and observationsresearch and observations generate or refine theories1. TheoryA general explanation of something that we are observingA set of observations or factsA way to attempt to explain what we are seeing and observingTheories are built to form more theoriesAttempts to explain and predict behavior or eventsEx: low self-esteem contributes to depressionEx: what will happen is someone undergoes cognitive physical therapy if they have lower self-esteem or depression?2. HypothesisA testable predictionOften prompted by a theoryThen becomes a hypothesisAccept, revise or reject theoryAfter being thoroughly tested and experimented through researchEX: people with low self-esteem score higher on a depression scale3. Research and ObservationsEX: Administer tests of self-esteem and depression. See if a low score on one predicts a high score on the other.After testing hypotheses, draw conclusionsThen report resultsStart replication of the testsVariable:Characteristic that can be measured or describedExamples: height, disruptiveness, depressionOperational definition:Procedure or steps (operations) used to measure or control a variableHow are we going to measure depression?EX: disruptive = bothers others 5 or more times during a class periodThis student would then be classified as disruptive by this definitionDescriptive Methods:1. Naturalistic Observationsobserved in a natural environmentresearchers go to where the subjects are and observe them there (in their natural environment)observers can be biasedneed a control for thissometimes people act differently when they know they are being watchedHawthorn affectNeed to try to be as non-intrusive as possible2. Case Studyan in-depth exploration of a single individualPRO:Able to obtain a lot of informationCON:Only about one personCannot generalize from a case studyCan only talk about that specific person3. SurveyGathering self-reported informationattitudes, opinions or behaviorsEX: What’s your opinion on a particular political view point?PRO:Great way to gather informationA lot of information from a lot of different peopleCON:If you want to get answers/information from an entire population, it would be impossibleNeed to:1. Identify population2. Need to gather a representative sampleSurvey Methods:Social DesirabilitySome people answer based upon what will make them look betterAccuracy of memorySometimes people don’t remember things from the past (no matter how recent it may be)PSY 0010 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to the ClassII. What is PsychologyIII. Psychology in the Real WorldOutline of Current Lecture II. Applied/”Clinical” ProfessionsIII. ResearchIV. SurverysV. ExperimentsCurrent Lecture Applied/ “Clinical” Professionals- Must be licensed- Psychologists:o Licensed psychologists can administer psychotherapyo Only a few states where psychologists can prescribe drugs- Psychiatrists can also administer psychotherapyo Are also medical doctorso Can administer prescriptions- Clinical Social Workero Can administer psychotherapy- Professional Counseloro Either masters or bachelors degree in some psychological field ResearchThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- How do we know what we know?o Is the foundation of the psychological fieldo Applications of psychology in theory and the field are based in researcho Psychology – the study of how we think, feel and behave- The Need for Psychological Scienceo Intuition Believing something because it feels right Okay in some instances We need to do more than have intuitiono Common Sense We can’t rely on common sense Maybe common sense and research finding may be the same but we need empirical evidenceo Empirical Evidence Claims and research findings based in observation or experimentation – very important - Hindsight Biaso The “I knew it all along” phenomenon o “Hindsight is 20/20”o does not provide a good foundation based in research- Over confidenceo Sometimes we think we know a lot more than we actually knowo Many times