BiopsychologyPhrenologyFranz Gall (1800) developed this theoryIf you read the bumps on someone’s skull, you can tell where parts of someone’s personality was controlledNeuroscienceStudy of neural structures, behavior and learningNervous systems:1. Central nervous system2. Peripheral nervous systemCentral Nervous SystemBrainSpinal cordTakes responsibility for some reflexesreflexesautomatic responses that occur without involving the brainMotor NeuronsCarrying outgoing information from CNS to muscles and glandsSensory NeuronsTake information from senses can carry information to the central nervous systemReflex Arc:Three types of neurons1. Afferent neuronssensory2. Efferent neuronsmotor3. Interneuronsreceive information from sensory neurons and transmit them to the motor neuronsNervesPart of peripheral nervous systemConnect muscles, glands and sense organs to the CNSPeripheral Nervous System1. Autonomica. SympatheticArousingFight or flightb. parasympatheticcalmingrest and digest2. SomaticNeuronsDendritesCapable of receiving messages from other cellsSomaMaintains the health of the cellAxonWhere electrical impulses are generatedCause neuron to process informationMyelin sheathSheaths that cover the axon (fatty substances)Provide insulationAllow neuron to work faster; facilitate speed of neurotransmissionAxon terminal“The end of the axon”where chemicals are sent out into the space between this neuron and other neurons as a result of the electrical impulsesGlial CellsAttendants to neuronsProvide the environment around the neurons (supportive mesh)Remove debris and wasteResting PotentialWhen neurons are at restThe inside of the neuron, in the axon, is primarily negatively charged and the outside of the neuron is mostly positively chargedAction PotentialA brief electrical charge travels down the neuronCalled the neural impulseGenerated by the movement of positively charged ions in and out of channels in the axon membraneIt is a neural firing:+ sodium ions  into the neuroncauses depolarization (negatively charged ions in the neuron become positive) threshold  action potentialAll or none response:Neuron fires completely or not at allNeural CommunicationCommunication between neuronsThere is a sending neuron a receiving neuronCommunication occurs between the neurons in the synaptic cleft (or synapse) but the neurons never touch1. Electrical impulses (action potentials) travel from one neuron to another across a tiny junction called the synapsethe synapse hold neurotransmitter molecules that line up with the receptor sites on the receiving neurons (kind of like a lock and key mechanism)the dendrites in the receiving neuron then absorb the information from the neurotransmitterNeurotransmittersAcetylcholineImplicated in memory, learning and muscle actionIndividuals with Alzheimer’s disease tend to have low levels of acetylcholineDopamineImplicated in movement, memory and learningIndividuals with Parkinson’s disease tend to have low levels of dopamineSerotoninImplicated in mood, sleep, appetite, arousalImplication with depressionNorepinephrineRelated to our autonomic nervous system workingConnected to our arousalGABAInhibitory neurotransmitterFunctions to inhibit neurotransmissionsGlutamateExcites neural activityNeural CommunicationExcitatory neurotransmitterCauses receiving neuron to fireAgonistsMimic/enhances actions of neurotransmitter effects on receptor sitesInhibitory neurotransmitterCauses receiving cell to stop firingAntagonistBlock/reduce response to other neurotransmittersReuptakeNeurotransmitters are spilled into synapse and reabsorbed into the sending neuronPuts “brakes” on neurotransmitter actionBrainStudying the brain1. Deep lesioning (where the tissue is damaged/destroyed)Electrical current to destroy tissue2. ESB: Electrical stimulation of the brainmilder current used to stimulate parts of the brainused to stimulate neural activity and observe what happens as a resultLooking inside the brainEEGMeasures electrical activity within the brainCTA computerized tomographyCommuter controlled x-ray of the brainAllows to see into the brainPETDetect radioactive forms of glucose in the bloodstream while someone is performing a taskShows which part of the brain is active while doing a taskMRI/FMRIDone using magnets to trap oxygen levels in the bloodstreamCan be used to see what is going on in the brainHindbrainStructures sustain basic bodily functions1. CerebellumControls voluntary and involuntary motor movements and balance2. Ponsrelays information/messages between cerebellum and cortex3. Reticular formationimportant role in arousalbeing able to be brought into consciousnessbelow the cerebellum4. Medullacontrols heartbeat, breathing and swallowingPSY 0010 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Correlationa. Correlation Coefficientb. Correlation and CausationII. ExperimentsIII. SurveysOutline of Current Lecture II. Biopsychologya. CNSb. PNSIII. NeuronsIV. NeurotransmittersV. BrainCurrent Lecture Biopsychology- Phrenologyo Franz Gall (1800) developed this theoryo If you read the bumps on someone’s skull, you can tell where parts of someone’s personality was controlled These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Neuroscienceo Study of neural structures, behavior and learning o Nervous systems: 1. Central nervous system 2. Peripheral nervous system  Central Nervous System- Brain- Spinal cordo Takes responsibility for some reflexes- reflexes o automatic responses that occur without involving the brain- Motor Neuronso Carrying outgoing information from CNS to muscles and glands- Sensory Neuronso Take information from senses can carry information to the central nervous system- Reflex Arc:o Three types of neurons 1. Afferent neurons sensory 2. Efferent neurons motor 3. Interneurons receive information from sensory neurons and transmit them to the motor neurons - Nerveso Part of peripheral nervous systemo Connect muscles, glands and sense organs to the CNS Peripheral Nervous System- 1. Autonomico a. Sympathetic  Arousing Fight or flighto b. parasympathetic  calming rest and digest- 2. Somatic Neurons- Dendriteso Capable of receiving messages from other cells- Somao Maintains the health of the cell- Axono Where electrical impulses are generatedo Cause neuron to process