PSY-101 1st EditionLecture 5Outline of Last LectureI. Case Studies and Surveys Outline of Current Lecture I. The Experimental Method II. Sources of BiasIII. Ethical Provisions that MUST be followedCurrent LectureI. The Experimental Methoda. Experimental Method- cause and effect based on independent and dependent variables.i. Hypothesis- specific question to be answered.ii. Main effect- a change that can be directly attributed to the independent variable.iii. Extraneous variable- aka confounding variable; the extraneous factor thatcomes into the experiment and maybe alters the results.iv. Experimental group- people who get the actual experiment.v. Control group- people with no experimental factorsvi. Random assignment- all participants must have an equal chance of being selected, helps reduce potential differencesvii. Single-blind study- researchers, not subjects, are aware of critical informationviii. Double-blind technique- both participants and researchers interacting with them are unaware of the treatment or condition to which the participants have been assigned.II. Sources of Biasa. Expectancy effects- change in dependent variable produces by subjects expectancy that change should happen.b. Placebo effect- any change attributed to the person’s beliefs and expectations rather than to an actual drug, treatment, or procedure.c. Placebo- fake substanced. Demand Characteristics- subtle clues or hints to what the expected results should be.III. Ethical Provisions that MUST be followed:a. Informed content and voluntary participationi. Participants must be informed of the purpose of the research and any potential risks, discomfort, or unpleasant emotional experiences.ii. Participants free to quit whenever they want.b. Students as research participantsi. Students must have the choice to complete a survey or not.c. The Use of Deception- Psychologists can use deceptive techniques if:i. It is not feasible to use alternatives that do not involve deception.ii. The potential findings justify the use of deception because of year specific, educational, or applied value.d. Confidentiality of informatione. Information about the study and debriefingi. Participants must be told all about the survey either before or immediately after completing