1Synagogue and Liturgy Rabbinic liturgy: tensions,developments, and patterns Synagogues from the diaspora Synagogues from PalestineNovember 15, 2006Housekeeping Exams: grades have been re-centeredand a letter grade assigned Paper assignment due week of 11/27 Assignment is on the syllabus Text (Charter of the Jews of Austria, 1244)available on the web. Upcoming EventsUpcoming Events What do we Really Know about the DeadSea Scrolls (Panel Discussion)5:00 PM 0140 Holzapfel!!!Extra-Credit Alert!!! Films at the Hoff ($2 per student) Jewboy and Pity CardSat Nov 18, 8:00; Sun Nov 19, 6:00 Documentaries on Arab Citizens of IsraelSun Nov. 19, 2:00 PM2Rabbinic LiturgyTerms and Building Blocks Liturgy—Regularized pattern of worship, organizedaround calendar, time, ritual structures Shema‘—“Hear O Israel” (6:4) + additional readings Berakhah (Blessing)—a formulaic element in Jewishliturgy: a variant of “Blessed are you, God ... who ....” Variations depending on context, purpose Can be single, or assembled in series (e.g., the Tefillah); asentence or an elaborate prayer Tefillah (“The Prayer”; also ‘Amidah, “StandingPrayer,” or Shemoneh Esreh, “The Eighteen[Blessings])—A series of berakhot (blessings) makingup the most common element in liturgy.Rabbinic Liturgy:Tensions and Devlopments Tensions Pre/non-rabbinic practices and the rabbis (shema‘,early; the qedushah, later) Scripture vs. “new” prayer forms Fixed forms vs. free expression Developments Gradual fixing of the form of liturgy Rise of piyyut (esp. in Palestine): a counterweightto fixity Piyyut (from Greek poiesis, poetry)—late antiqueand medieval practice of composing poeticversions of the statutory prayersRabbinic LiturgyTwo Main StructuresShema‘ Blessings before Three biblicalreadings (firstbegins “Hear[Shema], O Israel” Blessing(s) after.Tefillah Introductoryblessings Variable blessings Daily: Petionaryprayers Sabbaths, festivals,etc. blessing(s)special for that day Concludingblessings3Rabbinic LiturgyPutting the pieces togetherService Shema‘ Tefilah Read Torah Morning (Sha arit) M,Th, Sabbaths, Festivals, Fasts Festival addition (Musaf) Afternoon (Min ah) Sabbaths, Fasts Day of Atonement: Ne‘ilah (closing of Temple gates) Evening (‘Arvit or Ma‘ariv) Bible and Liturgy, Synagogue Biblical themes in liturgy, and esp.piyyut Sermons Reading of Torah, Prophets, withTargum (translation) Synagogue decorationsSynagogues from theDiasporaNext eight slides4Stobi(Macedonia)Sardis (Turkey)Sardis (Turkey)5Aphrodisias (Turkey)Priene (Turkey)Priene (Turkey)6Dura Europus (Syria)Dura Europus (Syria)Synagogues from PalestineNext six slides7Capernaum (Galilee, Israel)Bar‘am (Galilee, Israel)Hammat Tiberias (Galilee, Israel)8Bet Alpha
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