Lecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 2 Page 1LECTURE NOTES FOR SECTION 2 OF CLASS BEGIN HEREConsciousness• Our Ongoing Awareness of Our Thoughts and FeelingsConscious versus Unconscious Tasks • Difference: require conscious attention or not• Exp: learning to drive a car• Can do many unconscious (as long as they don’t interfere) • More than one conscious is hard• Stroop taskWhy does stroop effect happen?• Activation of the names of words happens unconsciously and automatically (without intent) • Conflict between two different things which are activated• Unconscious processes are out of our awareness• Thus, there are things going on in our heads that we don’t know are thereFreud• Conscious: in the spotlight of awareness• Preconscious: can be easily brought into awareness• Unconscious: banned from awareness. SuppressedSubliminal Priming• Activating thoughts or feelings without conscious awareness• Bargh. Old people study.– Aggression study• Painting preference studyFunction of Subliminal Mind • Our brains have more to do than CNS mind can handle– Subliminal mind picks up slack• Subliminal mind as pattern detector– Learn card game studyLecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 2 Page 2– Poster preference studyAltered States of Consciousness• Sleeping• Dreams• Hypnosis• Meditation• Drugs and AlcoholFalling Asleep• Thoughts become hazy • React less to external stimuli• Muscles relax• Body temp, heart rate, and blood pressure slowly drop• Level of serotonin in brain increasesSleep stages and brain waves• Awake: Low-voltage, high-frequency beta waves • Drowsy: Alpha waves prominent• Stage 1 Sleep: Theta waves prominent• Stage 2 Sleep: Sleep spindles and mixed EEG activity• Slow wave sleep (stage 3 and stage 4 sleep)Progressively more delta waves (stage 4 shown)• REM sleepLow-voltage, high-frequency wavesStage One• Hypongenic sleep• Feel a gentle falling or floating• 5-10 minutes• Won’t think you were asleep if awokenStage Two• Minor noises won’t wake you, but still relatively easy to awaken• 20 minutesLecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 2 Page 3Stages Three and Four• Breathing and pulse have slowed• Hard to awaken• Deep Sleep• Slow wave sleepStage 5• REM (rapid eye movement) sleep• Increase in heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption (similar to waking state)• Heightened cerebral activity• Muscle paralysis• Dreaming • 20-40 minutes in early night, up to an hour laterREM sleep throughout the life spanNormal sleep cycle• Awake, stage 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM• REM first occurs 90 minutes after falling asleep• Naps best if get a full cylcleNormal Sleep CycleWhy do we Sleep?• Restoration function• Adaptive Process• Facilitating learningRestoration Function• Recover from work done when animal was awake• More exercise = more SWS• Tired if deprived of SWS• No REM = anxious and irritable• “REM rebound”• Psychosis (long term deprivation)Lecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 2 Page 4Sleep as Adaptive• Save energy at night when can’t get food• Not sleeping a lot if “hunted”Sleeping disorders- Sleep apnea- Narcolepsy- REM behavior disorderDreams• What Do We Dream About?• 64% of dreams associated with sadness, fear, or anger– Aggressive acts outnumbered friendly acts by 2:1• 18% of dreams were happy or exciting• 29% of dreams were in colorWhat Do We Dream About?• Being naked when others are not or in an unusual place• Falling• Loose or falling teeth• Taking an exam (being unprepared)• Being chased (being unable to move quickly)• Flying• Lucid Dreams (realize we are dreaming)Why do we dream?Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams• Freud believed that dreams expressed wishes, often disguised• Manifest Content– Conscious dream content that is remembered after awakeningLecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 2 Page 5• Latent Content– The unconscious, uncensored meaning of a dream• Believed that symbols in dreams are universal• Dreams are the key to the unconscious• Wrote book on interpretation of dreamsActivation-synthesis hypothesis• During REM sleep there are random bursts of nerve cell activity• Dreams are the way the mind makes sense of those bursts. Tells a story.• Explains why dreams can seem so randomEpiphenomenal Memory Theory• Right Brain encodes the days memories during REM sleep– Links memories to old ones– Reestablishes neural pathways• Left brain (language center) tries to make sense of what right brain doing. Tells stories• Stories are dreamsKarni’s experiment• Participants learned a new skill– 1/3 let sleep a full night– 1/3 interrupted REM sleep– 1/3 interrupted SWS• Tested for new skill in morningConsciousness-Altering DrugsDrugs and Dependence• Psychoactive Drug– A chemical that alters perceptions, thoughts, moods, or behaviors• Physical Dependence– A physiological addiction in which more of drug is needed to prevent symptoms of withdrawal• Psychological Dependence– A condition in which drugs are needed to maintain a sense of well-being or relief from negative emotions.Classifying drugs • Depressants slow down activity in the CNS. • Stimulants speed up activity in the CNS.• Psychedelic drugs disrupt normal thought processes. • Narcotics relieve pain and cause euphoria.Lecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 2 Page 6Depressants • Slow down the Central Nervous System (CNS)– alcohol– barbiturates– tranquilizers – sedativesHow Depressants Work Barbiturates, sedatives Alcohol Effect • Death• Unconsciousness• Loss of motor control• Clouded judgement• Reduced motor skills• Reduced inhibitionsLong term alcohol effects• Damage to the liver• Damage to the brain• Fetal damageStimulants • Speed up the CNS– amphetamines– cocaine– nicotine– caffeineLecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 2 Page 7How Stimulants Work Cocaine, amphetamines Cocaine• Low dosage effects: intense short-term euphoria. Can be rebound• High dosage effects: paranoia, irregular heartbeat, death• Highly addictive• Nasal membrane damage possible with long term useHallucinogens • Include LSD, PCP, mescaline, marijuana • Cause sensory distortions, hallucinations• Effects of Hallucinogens on the Brain• All have different effectsLSD and psilocybin• Molecules that mimic serotonin• Causes marked