COMM 101 Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. (2400 year history continued) Invention of RhetoricA. SophistsB. Socrates, Plato, and AristotleII. Socrates, Plato, and “the Shadow”a. Idealism of Socrates and Platob. Changes in Athenian valuesc. Democratic Inclusiond. Plato’s ShadowIII. Aristotle’s Resolutiona. Aristotle’s Argumentb. Aristotle’s Empiricismc. Probable Truthsd. “The Duty of the Honorable”IV. Rhetoric: A 2400 Year Historya. Philip of Macedonb. Alexander the Greatc. Rhetoric in Egyptd. Europe Loses Its Ancient Knowledgee. Moors Return KnowledgeV. 20th and 21st Century Communication Studya. Formation of Modern Academic Disciplinesb. Thriving Discipline TodayVI. Two Answers to the Question, “Why Did X Occur?” (beginning of new lecture topic)a. Scientific Perspective (World View 1)b. Historical Perspective (World View 2)VII. Definitionsa. ScienceOutline of Current Lecture I. Definitions (continued from last lecture)A. Sciencei. Scientific MethodB. HumanismII. Variations in Philosophical Orientations Toward Theory (handout on D2L)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Supplementary notes on handouti. Ways of Knowing: What is Reality?ii.Purpose of Theoryiii.Research Methodsiv.Role of the ScholarIII. Goals for Theory: Sciencea. Explanationb. Development of Hypothesesc. Accurate Predictiond. Organization and Simplificatione. ImplementationIV. Goals for Theory: Humanisma. Insightb. Clarification of Valuesc. Elegance (Aesthetic Criteria)d. Acceptancee. ReformV. Research (beginning of new lecture topic)a. DefinitionCurrent LectureI. Definitions (continued from last lecture)A. Science: an emphasis on careful observation in order to produce knowledge; the use of the scientific methodi. Scientific Method1) Ask a question2) Do background research3) Construct a hypothesis4) Collect data5) Analyze data and draw a conclusion6) Communicate your results (ie: publish your work)B. Humanism: an emphasis on individual human experience as the basis of morality and knowledgei. According to humanism, humans are the center of the universe, in that our knowledge/experience determines everything and is what gives things their meaningii. “Man is the measure of all things.” -ProtagorasII. Variations in Philosophical Orientations Toward Theory (Prof. Tusing passed out a “Science and humanism handout” handout in class and also posted it on D2L. You canfind the handout in the Content section under the Document tab. Below are supplementary notes you might add to your handout based on his in-class lecture)a. Supplementary notes on handouti. Ways of Knowing: What is Reality?- Science: believes that reality does not depend on humans for existence- Humanism: believes humans are necessary for things to existii.Purpose of Theory-Science: interested in humans at large, universal human truths-Humanism: interested in individualsiii.Research Methods-Science: content analysis is the analysis of data from collections of data-Humanism: the term interpretive process refers to an individual’sexperienceiv.Role of the Scholar-Science: believes there is only one reality-Humanism: believes there are multiple realities/truths that can be trueIII. Goals for Theory: Sciencea. Explanation: Science starts from a place of curiosity, and wants to explain why the world works the way it doesb. Development of Hypotheses: i. A theory should be a guideline that detects what comes next, and hypotheses are like “bets” or predictions based on theoryc. Accurate Prediction: science wants to make accurate predictionsd. Organization and Simplification: science believes that the world is a complex place and attempts to help simplify ite. Implementation: scientists want to make people’s lives better through the implementation (application) of their discoveries, ie: the smartphone improving communication and information disseminationIV. Goals for Theory: Humanisma. Insight: humanists want to understand specific human experiences and communicate this to othersb. Clarification of Values: it is important to humanists to determine what others stand forc. Elegance (Aesthetic Criteria): humanists value things that are inspiring/moving(such as art) or exciting/ mentally stimulating (such as a new theory)d. Acceptance: since humanists believe in multiple realities/truths, they place importance on others accepting their theories e. Reform: humanists are concerned with reform, or fixing things, as they are concerned with how things affect othersV. Research (beginning of new lecture topic)a. Definition: set of systematic procedures for gathering credible info about some object or