LINGUIS 101 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is this course about?II. What is Linguistics? III. Five subfields of Linguistics IV. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive GrammarOutline of Current Lecture I. Subfields of Phonetics II. How speech sounds are produced III. Constants vs. Vowels a. Parameters for describing consonants Current LectureI. Phonetics – scientific study of the inventory and structure of the sounds of human languagea. Articulatory phonetics – physiological mechanisms of speech productionb. Acoustic phonetics – physical properties of sound waves produced in speechc. Auditory phonetics – perception of sound, including what happens in the ear, auditory nerve, and brain during speech perceptionII. How speech sounds are produced a. Airstream mechanism: something gets the air moving. Usually the lungs (pulmonic), air is usually moving outwards (egressive)b. Sound source: moving air begins to make sound when it passes through the These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.larynx (Adam’s apple)c. Filters: articulators in the vocal tract are moved to shape the airflow into distinct soundsi. Articulators can be positioned to create different filter shapes:1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Tongue 4. Alveolar ridge- the bump behind front theeth 5. Palate (hard palate)- top of mouth 6. Velum (soft palate)- soft part near back of mouth 7. Uvula 8. Pharynx 9. Glottis- empty space between vocal folds and where the air passes through, make different shapes to make different sounds III. Constants vs. Vowelsa. Consonant: a high degree of constriction in vocal tract i. Narrow air path 1. Example: zb. Vowel: vocal tract is relatively open i. Example: oc. Parameters for describing constantsi. voicing: state of the glottis 1. Voiced: vocal folds vibrating (zap)2. Voiceless: vocal folds not vibrating (sap)ii. Nasality: whether or not air is flowing1. nasal: Velum lowered, air flows through nasal cavity (mud)2. oral: velum raised, no airflow through nasal cavity (bud)iii. Place of articulation: the point of greatest (the place where the channel isnarrowest)1. Bilabial: two lips (big) 2. Labiodental: one lip and the teeth (find)3. Interdental: tongue through the teeth (thick)4. Alveolar: tongue and alveolar ridge (den)5. Alveopalatal: tongue and front of palate (shell)6. Palatal: tongue and palate (yes) 7. Velar: tongue and velum (go) 8. Uvular: tongue and uvula (French R sound)9. Pharyngeal: constriction of pharynx (some Arabic sounds) 10. Glottal: vocal folds (house)iv. Manner of articulation: the degree of stricture (how narrow the channel