Nutr Sci 132 Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Evolution of Traditional Diets a. Hunter-Gathererb. Agriculturalistsc. Modern DietII. What they ateIII. Methods of ProcessingOutline of Current Lecture I. Food Security in pre-industrial societiesII. Biological Adaptations for dealing with food shortagesIII. Comparing Ancient (pre-industrial) Diets to Modern Dieta. Patterns of Health and DiseasesIV. Modern Nutritional RecommendationsCurrent LectureI. Food Security in pre-industrial societiesa. How much did they eat?b. Def. Food Security: How sure you are that you will have enough to eatc. Ethnographic Studies of pre-industrial societies:i. Plentiful 38%ii. Adequate 46%iii. Subsistence 12%iv. Minimal 4%1. Note: Not important to memorize percentages, just realize that most everyone had enough foodd. Frequency of Food Shortages:i. Annual 24%ii. Rare 29%iii. Occasional 24%iv. Frequent 24%1. Note: No category of ‘never’These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Everybody has ancestors who had food shortages at lease occasionally!e. Extent of Shortages i. Mild 36%ii. Moderate 34%iii. Severe 29%1. Some environments were more extreme than othersII. Biological Adaptations for dealing with food shortagesa. We are almost identical genetically to our ancestors, and all our ancestors faced food shortagesi. Developed ability to store body fatii. Metabolism slows down when we don’t eat muchb. Our modern problem: food abundancei. ObesityIII. Ancient Diets vs. Modern diets; Evolution and its ConsequencesAncient ModernAvailability Food Shortage Food AbundanceComposition High in Complex CarbohydratesHigh in Fat & SugarConsequences of Diet Starvations, Nutrient DeficiencyObesity, Nutrient ExcessCauses of Death Infectious Disease, Injury Chronic Disease (Heart, cancer, diabetes)*Note: Causes of Chronic Diseases more complicated, not ALL due to diet!IV. Modern Nutritional Recommendationsa. Def. Essential Nutrient: A specific chemical compound that plays a vital function necessary for good health that our bodies cannot synthesize on our ownb. How much food do we need?i. Nutritional States1. Deficiency – not enougha. May not notice effects, but will be more vulnerable to illness, etc.2. Adequacy – Optimal Amount3. Toxicity – Too mucha. Only a concern for certain nutrientsb. Supplements are normally the causec. More is not always better in the case of nutrients!ii. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)1. Nutritional needs of Individuals vary according to standard bell curve 2. RDA set 2 standard deviations above meana. RDA meets need of 98% populationb. RDA guidelines usually more than adequate for those in normal, good health3. RDA is an evaluation tool, not a helpful meal-planning
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