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GSU GEOG 1112 - Geo_9e_Lecture_Ch03

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Slide 1Learning ObjectivesThe history of the atmosphereAirSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Summary of Chapter 3End of Chapter 3Chapter 3 Lecture© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Earth’s Modern Atmosphere Geosystems9th Edition© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•Draw a diagram showing atmospheric structure based on three criteria for analysis—composition, temperature, and function.•List and describe the components of the modern atmosphere, giving their relative percentage contributions by volume.•Describe conditions within the stratosphere; specifically, review the function and status of the ozonosphere, or ozone layer.•Distinguish between natural and anthropogenic pollutants in the lower atmosphere.•Construct a simple diagram illustrating the pollution from photochemical reactions in motor vehicle exhaust.•Describe the sources and effects of industrial smog. Learning Objectives© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.The First Atmosphere4.6 billion years agoThe Second Atmosphere3.5 billion years agoThe Third Atmosphere1.7 billion years ago H2, He2H2O (80%)CO2 (10%)N2 (<10%) N2 N2 (78%)O2 (21%)Others (1%) The Fourth Atmosphere(The Modern Atmosphere)TimeThe history of the atmosphere© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•Permanent Gases: N2 (78%), O2 (21%), and others (1%).•Variable gases: Water Vapor (H2O) (0 to 4%), CO2 (0.0035%).•4Less: Odorless, Colorless , Tasteless, and FormlessAir© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.The thickness of the Earth’s atmosphere is about 480km (Thermopause). Beyond that altitude is the exosphere (outer sphere). How thick is the atmosphere?© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.• •Air density: 1.2 kg/m3•Liquid water density: 1000kg/m3Air Density© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Air density decreases with increase of altitude.Air Density Profile© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Atmospheric Pressure Profile© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•Heterosphere:80km ~480km –Distinct layers due to gravity–H2, He2 at the top of heterosphere–N2, O2 in the lower heterosphere • Homosphere: 0~ 80km– Uniformly mixed except for Ozone (O3)– Ozone in the “Ozone layer” (19km ~50km) Atmospheric Composition Profile© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Components of the Homosphere© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•Troposphere •Stratosphere•Mesosphere•ThermosphereAtmospheric Temperature Profile© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•Surface to 18 km •90% mass of atmosphere •Normal lapse rate – average cooling at rate of 6.4°C/km • Environmental lapse rate – actual local lapse rate•Tropopause at −57°C (18km near equator, 12km in middle latitude, 8km at Poles)Troposphere© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Temperature Lapse Rate© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•18km to 50km •Stratopause at 50km (0°C) •Temperature increases with altitude because of the absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer Stratosphere© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•50km to 80km •Mesopause at 80km (−90°C) • Temperature decreases with altitude•Noctilucent cloudsMesosphere© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•Roughly same as heterosphere•80 km outwards• Temperature increases with altitude because of its direct contact with high energy solar radiation•Thermopause is at 480km•High temperature, but not “hot”, because the density of molecules is so low that little heat is produced Thermosphere© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•Ionosphere–50km outwards–Absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, X-rays, some UV rays•Ozonosphere–19km to 50km–Part of stratosphere– Atmospheric Function© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Antarctic Ozone HoleCFC (Chlorofluorocarbons): refrigerant, propellantCFC + Ultraviolet-> ChlorineChlorine breaks down ozone© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. UV Index© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Sources of Natural Pollutants© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.• • • Natural Factors That Affect Air Pollution© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Temperature Inversion© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.• •Photochemical smog•Industrial smog and sulfur oxides• Anthropogenic Pollution© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Major Pollutants over Urban Areas© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.The interaction of automobile exhaust and UV radiation causes photochemical reactions. Photochemical Smog© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•Acid rain is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. Acid Rain© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•Surface waters and aquatic animals• •Automotive coatings• •Visibility• The effects of acid rain© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Acid rain damage to forests© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.•Clean Air Act (CAA) legislation in 1970, 1977, and 1990•Total direct cost $523 billion•Direct monetized benefits $5.6 to $49.4 trillion – average $22.2 trillion•Net financial benefit $21.7 trillion •206,000 fewer deaths in 1990!Benefits of the Clean Air Act (CAA)© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.An example of benefits of CAA© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Summary of Chapter 3•Air is a simple mixture of gases that is naturally odorless, colorless, tasteless, and formless.•Both air pressure and air density decrease with increasing altitude.•According to the atmospheric composition profile, the atmosphere has two broad zones: the homosphere (Erath’s surface to 80 km) and the heterosphere (80 to 480 km).•According to the atmospheric temperature profile, the atmosphere has four layers: troposphere and mesosphere (temperature decreases with increasing altitude); stratosphere and thermosphere (temperature increases with increasing altitude).•According to the atmospheric function, the atmosphere has two layers: the ionosphere (80 to 480 km) absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, X-rays, and shorter wavelength of UV radiation; the ozonosphere (18 to 50 km) absorbs UV radiation.© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.End of Chapter


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GSU GEOG 1112 - Geo_9e_Lecture_Ch03

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