BIO-L104 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Scientific MethodOutline of Current Lecture II. Guest Lecture: Dr. Schmetzera. Syndrome Vs. Diseaseb. Proof of biological mental illnessCurrent LectureMental Illness – any diagnosis within the DSM-5 (2013)- Some disorders are more emotional than mental/cognitiveBiologically caused mental disorders- Caused by or within a body organ or organ systemo Include the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system with the brain being the central organSyndrome Vs. Disease- Designation as a disease requires 2 of the following 31. Recognized etiology2. Identifiable symptoms and signs3. Consistent anatomical alterationsa. Ex. Huntington’s Disease: hereditary abnormality. Specific deterioration in genes that causes specific symptoms (involuntary movements of extremities) - Syndrome: collections of symptoms and signs. The “picture” of the disorder. How symptoms seem to progress. Inconsistent etiology across patientso Ex. Prader-Willi Syndrome: congenital disorder of unknown etiology characterized by short stature, mental retardation, and polyphagia with marked resultant obesity and sexual infantilism. Don’t know the cause, which makes it a syndrome and not a disease. Proof we have that Mental illness is biological These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Genetic- Biochemical- Physiological- Anatomical- ClinicalPsychoneuroendocrinology- Growth hormone – schizophrenia, mood disorders- Cortisol – anxiety disorders – response to stress- T3, T4 – (Thyroid hormones) depression, mental retardation – metabolism- Pineal body/Melatonin – depression –circadian rhythmsFight or flight response to stress- Naval study, 1960s, serious life changes and illnesses that could have a measureable affect on health. Can make it more or less likely that a person would come down with an illness. Studied the work force - Placebo effect - Psychotherapy for cancer patientso Avg. survival of breast cancer patients increased by 18 months when they joined a support group.Metabolic evidence- PET scans- MRI scanso Actively showing changes in the brain. Can track the treatment process and how it effects the brain, or if a treatment fails to reduce symptoms and may also fail toshow a change in the brain. Nerve cells do not actually touch. The space between is called the synapse. The brain is structured to perceive experiences, compare them and learn and then initiate behavior with executive function to allow for change- Psychotherapeutic and behavioral interventions do change the makeup of the brain. Mental health still raises questions in the medical community because with many medical disorders, you can physically see and measure the problem. We cannot measure thoughts, feelings, pain etc., which makes mental health a more difficult problem to prove and treat.Delivery methods- Individual treatment- Group therapy- Conjoint therapy- Family