BIOL 1344 Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Erythropoiesis – formation of red blood cellsII. SpherocytesIII. Hemoglobin and MyoglobinIV. Types of Anemia V. Thrombocytes – plateletsVI. Blood TypesOutline of Current Lecture VII. Determining blood typeVIII. Blood Clotting FactorsIX. Stages of Blood ClottingA. Intrinsic and Extrinsic pathwaysB. Intravascular clottingX. Characteristics of the HeartXI. Blood flow through the HeartCurrent LectureIn order to determine blood types, a sample of blood is placed on a slide and either a type A anti-serum or a type B anti-serum is added. The type A anti-serum has type a antibodies and if the sample blood clumps together, it is type A. The same goes for type B. If there is no clumpingwith either anti-serum, it is type O. Serum is essentially plasma which has been spun so that it no longer contain fibrinogen which is a clotting protein in plasma. Both serum and plasma are used medically depending on the situation of the patient. Blood coagulation or clotting should take about 5-8 minutes. There is a disease called hemophilia in which blood does not clot which is a very serious issue. There are 13 factors in blood coagulation:1. Fibrinogen2. Prothrombin3. Thromboplastin4. Ionic Ca2+These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.5. Proaccelerin6. Accelerin7. Procavortin8. Anti-hemophilic factor A: classical hemophilia9. Anti-hemophilic factor B: Christmas factor10. Stuart –Prower factor or Thrombokinase11. Anti-hemophilic factor C12. Hageman factor13. Fibrin stabilizing factor There are 3 Stages of Blood Clotting1. Prothrombinase inactive uses factor 10 (Thrombokinase) to turn into prothrombinase active2. Prothrombin changes into thrombin3. Fibrinogen which is soluble and globular changes into fibrin which is fibrous, insoluble, and a soft clot.This soft clot then uses factor 13 to transform into a hard clot. The hard clot eventually retracts using thrombosthenin and finally dissolves which is called clot lysis using plasminogen and fibrinolysin. Procoagulants promote clotting and these are heat, rough surfaces, vitamin K, and calcium. Anticoagulants antagonize clotting and these are cold, smooth surfaces, a lack of vitamin K, heparin which is a medical drug, basophils, and mast cells. Also EGTA, EDTA, oxalate, and citrate which are all chemical compounds. Clotting takes place in two pathways, the intrinsic pathway (intra-vascular clotting) and the extrinsic pathway (in the case of an injury). Intra-vascular clotting happens when plaque builds up and forces the blood vessel to be narrower. Blood cells can no longer freely flow through this narrow vessel and the cells build up into a clot. This can then rupture and hemorrhage which is called an aneurysm. If this happens in the brain it is called a cerebral hemorrhage and it can result in a stroke or death. Tissues which are past the point where blood can reach as a result of this buildup will die and cause paralysis. There are also minor clots called Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA) and Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) which are brief clots which cause the person to black out for a few seconds. The heart is contained in the mediastinum between the lungs in the 2nd and 5th intercostal space. It is 250-350 grams in weight and points about 70 degrees to the left of the body in most people. In some people it is angled towards the right which is called dextrocardia.Blood enters the heart through the superior vena cava (from the head and arms) and the inferior vena cava (from the rest of the body) and comes in the right atrium. From here, blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Then this blood leaves through the pulmonary track to go to the lungs to get oxygenated. This newly oxygenated blood goes into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle, then is pumped out into the rest of the body through the aorta. This whole process is really two circuits. The systemic circuit (greater circulation) is from the heart to the body back to the heart and takes about one minute to go through a complete cycle.The pulmonary circuit (lesser circulation) is from the heart to the lungs back to the heart and takes about twelve seconds to go through a complete