CHEM 1110Exam # 1 Study Guide Chapters 0-2Chapter 0Sustainability- meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their needsGreen Chemistry- the design of chemical products and processes that use less energy, produce fewer hazardous materials, and use renewable resources whenever possible Prevent waste Minimize amount of materials used Use/generate nontoxic materials Use less energy Use renewable materials Design materials that biodegradeRenewable resource- a natural resource that can replenish with passage of time through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes; e.g. solar power, wind, corn, fireNonrenewable resource- doesn’t renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time frames; there is a finite amount; e.g. oil, gas, metalsTriple Bottom Line- three-way measure of success of business based on benefits to the economy, society, and the environmentLife Cyclescradle-to-grave: creation to the death of the product; raw material to disposal cradle-to-cradle: end of one product to the beginning of another (recycled/reused component)Ecological footprint- an estimate of biologically productive space (land, water, sea surface) necessary to support a particular standard of livingChapter 1Air is a mixture made up of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% other gases.Mixture- a physical combination of two or more substances present in variable amountsParts per hundred- percentage e.g. 21% is 21 parts per hundred210 parts per thousand2100 parts per ten thousand21,000 parts per hundred thousand210,000 parts per million (ppm)Also in the air:Carbon Monoxide- CO; mostly from carsincomplete combustion- produces carbon monoxide and watercomplete combustion- produces carbon dioxide and waterOzone-O3; secondary pollutant… smog (NO2) + sunlight = NO + O -> O + O2Sulfur Dioxide- SO2; from coal burning, precursor to acid rainNitrogen Dioxide-NO2; brown gas that gives smog its brown colorParticulate matter- PM; smaller particles are more dangerous because they can enter the lungsClean Air Act (1970)- established air quality standardsPollution Prevention Act (1990)- prevents formation of hazardous substances; pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever possibleRisk Assessment- evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an occurrence toxicity- intrinsic health hazard of a substance exposure- the amount of the substance encounteredo (length of time x concentration of pollutants x breathing rate)VOC (volatile organic compound)- easily pass into the vapor phase; indoor and outdoor issue; both synthetic and natural existmass- number of protons and neutronsatomic #- number of protonsisotropes- atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons; e.g. carbon-12 (6 protons, 6 neutrons), carbon-13 (6 protons, 7 neutrons) etcChapter 2Lewis dot structures- illustrate molecular bondsCovalent bond- formed by sharing one or more pairs of electronsResonance forms- used when Lewis structure does not adequately represent the true structure of a moleculeValence electrons and the octet rule- atoms tend to combine in such a way that each has eight electrons in its valence shell, the same as a noble gasFree radicals- atoms with an odd number of electrons; highly reactiveOzone in the stratosphere filters UV radiation; but creates smog in lower troposphereElectromagnetic spectrum Shorter waves have high energy and are more harmful; longer waves have low energy and are benignThe Chapman CycleO2 -> 2OO + O2 -> O3O3 + O -> 2O2Hole in the ozone layer (Antarctica)- polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) form because it is the coldest place in the world (ice particles are where the reactions with chlorine radicals take place)CFCs- nontoxic, nonflammable, great refrigerant, long lifetime, highly stableHCFCs- hydrogen replaces Cl or F to form less radicals (not as great a