HIS 104.01 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (August 21)Geographical Diversity in AfricaHow large is the continent of Africa? How many miles is Africa from North to South and East to West? Where are the tropic of cancer ad tropic of Capricorn located in Africa? Africa is 11.7 billion square millions with 1.1 billion people residing in itNorth to South: 5000 milesEast to West: 4500 milesTropic of Cancer is located in the NorthTropic of Capricorn is located in the SouthWhat are the different environments in Africa and the annual rainfall of each (if discussed in class)?Mediterranean VegetationDesertValley Flood PlainAcacia SavannahSavannah Woodland- tall grasses, scattered trees, mostly nomads or farmers live here- Annual rainfall: 55 inches Tropical Rainforest- 10% of Africa, diminishing- Annual rainfall: 60-80 inchesSahel- Arabic for “the beach”- Annual rainfall: 5-15 inchesWhat is the soil like in Africa?Much of Africa has poor soil- contains laterite (too much iron)There is rich soil around river valleys (Nile, Niger, Congo, etc.) or in rift valleysHas a lot of natural resources- oil, diamonds, copper, uranium (bombs), iron, metals, Colton (batteries), platinum, etc. Relatively poor soils around the tropics- too much rain and floods, causes erosionThin and exhaustible soils in the rainforestWhat are the 4 agricultural adaptions and how are they defined?Irrigations- canals etc. to move waterShifting Cultivation- farm soil until exhausted, then abandon it and move elsewhere to farm, return in 5 to 10 years later when the soil has replenished itselfCrop Rotation- shifting from farming corn to soy bean every season to maximize nutrients in the SoilSeasonal Migrations- Nomads, herd animals (cows, sheep, goats) around to different regions for pastures to feed them. Think the world belongs to them and come into conflict with farmers because the nomad allow their animals to eat wherever they want (including someone else’s farmland)Lecture 2 (August 26) What are the main features of “Humanness” and their definitions if it has one?Bipedalism- walk on 2 feetManipulative HandsTools- stone, breaking, cutting, etc.Group Activity- social animals, lived in groups, evidence in caves and campsSexual Dimorphism- males look different from females (hips are different)Food Sharing- gather at 1 place, way of adaption- Gender division of labor- women stayed at home with the children while the men providedWhat the reasons we believe Africa is the home of humanity?Large primate pool for evolution- were other animals that evolvedFull evolutionary picture- can trace genealogy in Africa better than anywhere elseEnvironmental factors- favored development of hominids- Liked to like in tropical weatherArchaeological evidence- overwhelming, skeletons, fossil remains, stone tools, campsites, caves, rock shelters, foot prints (nowhere else in the world)What does Australopithecus mean?“Southern ape man”Who are Louis and Marie Leakey?A married couple, they made most of their discoveries in the 1930s, wrote the book “They Came before Adam”Lecture 3 (August 28)What is lexicostatistics?There is 1 mother language, overtime differentiations occurred which created other languagesWhat is phonology?Sound changes, relates languagesAmoAmor Amore Amour What are loan words?The same word for something is used in multiple languagesEx: People in China also use the word Microsoft to describe our software that we createdWhat do linguists do? Define monogenesisUse language to study the history of the people etc.Monogenesis- 1 origin, original language, “Mother language”What is the definition of libation?A ceremony to call upon ancestors to interfere with the live of the living (holidays, etc.)Not called, punished by ancestorsRegion/Vegetation/Archaeological Evidence/Social Organization/Religion/Music of the Afroasiatic Region- North/NortheastVegetation- grassland, desert, grains, hunted gameArchaeological Evidence- grinding stones, stone blades, lancesSocial Organization- clan based (same founding ancestor), the chief is who claims the most direct descent from the founding ancestor, get political and religious authorityReligion- ancestor is a deity (God)Music- string instruments, swaying and intricate footwork when dancingRegion/Vegetation/Archaeological Evidence/Religion/Music of the Nilo-SaharanRegion- West and South of Afroasiatic group, “middle Nile” regionVegetation- Sahara desert, Savannah, SahelArchaeological Evidence- hunting, fishing, stone blades, lances (spears), fishing hooksReligion- nontheistic (no supreme being/God), spirits reside in the liver of certain animals, source of evil/anger/bad things happening- Have people to deal with mediums, usually priests, who also become rulers- Cannot give a name to a child until the ancestor that came back is identified (within first 8 days of birth)Music- string instruments, swaying while dancing, multiple step footworkRegion/Vegetation/Archaeological Evidence/Social Organization/Religion/Music of the Niger-CongoRegion- West/Central/East/South of Africa (sub Saharan Africa), the largest language groupVegetation- woodland savannah, grassland, rainforest, most rivers and lakesArchaeological Evidence- fishing, hunting, yams, fishing hooks, large stone tools, waving, carving, building of boats and canoesSocial Organization- clan based (common descendant), direct link is ruler or chiefMusic- percussion, drums, multiple rhythms, energetic body and feetReligion- Supreme being/creator, other gods and spirits below the supreme being, territorial Gods and spirits live in certain places (river, lake, tree, etc.), have shrines for these gods and spirits so the people can pray to them and make sacrifices, ancestors continue to play roles in the lives of the living- Matrilineal- inherit from mother’s line, the King’s sister’s son becomes the next heir to the throne - Matrilocal- groom moves to the wife’s home when they get marriedRegion/Vegetation/Archaeological Evidence/Social Organization/Religion/Music of the KhoisanRegion- edges of the Ethiopian highlands, parts of the rain forest, Kalahari desert, smallest language groupVegetation- desert, rainforestArchaeological Evidence- hunting, gathering food, small stone blades, arrowheads, donut stones, slings, rock artSocial Organization- small groups (25-50 people), no clans or