Chapter 6: Project Time ManagementToday’s ScheduleLearning ObjectivesImportance of Project SchedulesFigure 6-1. Conflict Intensity Over the Life of a ProjectMedia SnapshotProject Time Management ProcessesActivity DefinitionMilestonesActivity SequencingThree Types of DependenciesNetwork DiagramsFigure 6-2. Sample Activity-on-Arrow (AOA) Network Diagram for Project XArrow Diagramming Method (ADM)Process for Creating AOA DiagramsPrecedence Diagramming Method (PDM)Figure 6-3. Task Dependency TypesFigure 6-4. Sample PDM Network DiagramActivity Resource EstimatingActivity Duration EstimatingCritical Path Method (CPM)Calculating the Critical PathFigure 6-8. Determining the Critical Path for Project XMore on the Critical PathYou try it …For Tuesday, February 27Chapter 6:Project Time ManagementInformation Technology Project Management,Fourth EditionTime Diagrams and Critical PathThursday, February 22Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 2Today’s ScheduleAssignment #6, Your Team Project Scope & WBSDue Monday, February 26Chapter 6 Time ManagementActivity Definition, Sequencing, DurationCritical PathInformation Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 3Learning ObjectivesUnderstand the importance of project schedules and good project time management.Define activities as the basis for developing project schedules.Describe how project managers use network diagrams and dependencies to assist in activity sequencing.Find the critical path for a projectInformation Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 4Importance of Project SchedulesManagers often cite delivering projects on time as one of their biggest challenges.Fifty percent of IT projects were challenged in the 2003 CHAOS study, and their average time overrun increased to 82 percent from a low of 63 percent in 2000.*Schedule issues are the main reason for conflicts on projects, especially during the second half of projects.Time has the least amount of flexibility; it passes no matter what happens on a project.*The Standish Group, “Latest Standish Group CHAOS Report Shows Project Success Rates Have Improved by 50%,” (www.standishgroup.com) (March 25, 2003).Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 5Figure 6-1. Conflict Intensity Over the Life of a Project0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.40ProjectFormationEarly Phases Middle Phases End PhasesConflict IntensitySchedulesPrioritiesManpowerTechnical opinionsProceduresCostPersonality conflictsAverageTotal ConflictInformation Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 6Media SnapshotIn contrast to the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games (see Chapter 4’s “Media Snapshot”), planning and scheduling was very different for the 2004 Summer Olympic Games held in Athens, Greece. Many articles were written before the opening ceremonies predicting that the facilities would not be ready in time…Many people were pleasantly surprised by the amazing opening ceremonies, beautiful new buildings, and state-of-the-art security and transportation systems in Athens.The Greeks even made fun of critics by having construction workers pretend to still be working as the ceremonies began. Can you count on this??Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 7Project Time Management ProcessesActivity definition: Identifying the specific activities that the project team members and stakeholders must perform to produce the project deliverables.Activity sequencing: Identifying and documenting the relationships between project activities.Activity resource estimating: Estimating how many resources a project team should use to perform project activities.Activity duration estimating: Estimating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities.Schedule development: Analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule.Schedule control: Controlling and managing changes to the project schedule.Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 8Activity DefinitionAn activity or task is an element of work normally found on the WBS that has an expected duration, a cost, and resource requirements.Project schedules grow out of the basic documents that initiate a project.The project charter includes start and end dates and budget information.The scope statement and WBS help define what will be done.Activity definition involves developing a more detailed WBS and supporting explanations to understand all the work to be done, so you can develop realistic cost and duration estimates.Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 9MilestonesA milestone is a significant event that normally has no duration.It often takes several activities and a lot of work to complete a milestone.Milestones are useful tools for setting schedule goals and monitoring progress.Examples include completion and customer sign-off on key documents and completion of specific products.Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 10Activity SequencingInvolves reviewing activities and determining dependencies.A dependency or relationship relates to the sequencing of project activities or tasks.You must determine dependencies in order to use critical path analysis.Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 11Three Types of DependenciesMandatory dependencies: Inherent in the nature of the work being performed on a project; sometimes referred to as hard logic.Discretionary dependencies: Defined by the project team; sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care because they may limit later scheduling options.External dependencies: Involve relationships between project and non-project activities.Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 12Network DiagramsNetwork diagrams are the preferred technique for showing activity sequencing.A network diagram is a schematic display of the logical relationships among, or sequencing of, project activities.Two main formats are the arrow and precedence diagramming methods.Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 13Figure 6-2. Sample Activity-on-Arrow (AOA) Network Diagram for Project XInformation Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 14Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)Also called activity-on-arrow