BIOL 1344 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Blood FunctionsA. Water RegulationB. HomeostasisC. ProtectionII. Blood CompositionIII. PlasmaIV. Erythrocytes – red blood cellsOutline of Current Lecture V. Erythropoiesis – formation of red blood cellsVI. SpherocytesVII. Hemoglobin and MyoglobinVIII. Types of Anemia IX. Thrombocytes – plateletsX. Blood TypesCurrent LectureErythropoiesis is the formation of red blood cells which takes place in the bone marrow. Approximately 3 million red blood cells are made per second. The rate of production and destruction should be about the same so that rbc count does not become too high or too low. Normal red blood cells are dumbbell shaped. Spherocytes are abnormal red blood cells and they are rounded, or spherical, rather than elliptical. This is caused by the protein spectin being defected. Normal red blood cells are able to accept water because they can expand to a rounded shape. Spherocytes will rupture if too much water comes in because they are already expanded to the maximum. This is called hemolysis. Hemoglobin (Hg) is the red pigment in blood which transports oxygen. It makes up about 33% ofa red blood cell. Concentration of hemoglobin is 13-18 g/100 mL blood in males, 12-16 g/100 mL in females and 16-20g/100 mL in infants. Normal hemoglobin has glutamic acid which makesit soluble. It is possible for there to be a mutation in the cell which replaces this glutamic acid with valine which causes the hemoglobin to be insoluble. This results in sickle cell anemia whichmeans the cell has pointed ends, cannot go through capillaries, and therefore causes pain. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Hemoglobin is tetrametric which means “4-units” and there are types HgA (adult) and HgF (fetus). Adults have 98% HbA which are made up of 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains. 2% of adult hemoglobin is HbF which is made up of 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains.Myoglobin is monomeric which means “single unit.” It is found in muscles and is not released into the blood except in case of injury. It is made up of a single chain of 153 amino acids.There are several different types of anemia each caused by either a low amount of hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin.Low Hg:- Nutritional anemia – caused by an iron deficiency in the diet- Microcytic anemia – cells are small in size- Macrocytic anemia – cells are large but lack enough hemoglobin, this is from a lack of vitamins B12 and folic acid- Pernicious anemia – lack of intrinsic factor from stomach so that vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed in the intestineAbnormal Hg:- Sickle cell anemia –cells are pointed at the ends so that they cannot pass through capillaries, they break down easily, and cause pain. Approximately 1/400 of African Americans have sickle cell anemia and about 1/12 are carriers. - Thalassemia major and minor – this is mostly seen in the Mediterranean and Asia. It is a fatal condition if the major form. If the minor form, the patient must receive constant blood transfusions. Thrombocytes are platelets. There are 150,000-400,000 per square mm of blood. These are responsible for blood coagulation and tissue repair. They produce thromboxane which promotesplatelet aggregation (clotting) as well as prostacyclin which prevents platelet aggregation. These work in balance. Medicines such as aspirin provide prostacyclin as well. Blood types: Type Antigen AntibodiesA A bB B aO - a, b (universal donor)AB A, B - (universal recipient)Recipients of a blood transfusion should not have antibodies against a