FHCE 3100 Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Consumer Movement Part 1Outline of Current Lecture II. History Current Lecture Children’s Movement The children’s rights movement is a historical and modern movement committed to the acknowledgement, and expansion of the rights of children around the world In the US, the children’s rights movement was born in the 1800s with the Orphan Train. In the big cities, when a child’s parents died, the child frequently had to go to work to support him or herself. Boys generally became factory or coal workers, and girls became prostitutes or saloon girls, or else went to work in a sweatshop. All of these jobs paid only starvation wages.  People would adopt them, who were looking for kids  9 year old boys were coal miners- they were the perfect supply for the demand of workers because they didn’t have to pay them a lot and they were tiny (easy to get in coal mines)  “A child is any human being below the age of 18 years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier”  FERPA Family and Education Rights Privacy Act - 18 year olds on your own, 17 year old in class the teacher could call his parents  Child Labor Reform and the US Labor Movement 1832 New England unions condemn child labor 1836 First state child labor law  1842 States begin limiting children’s work days (10 hours only) “only” 10 hours now…  1881 Newly formed AFL supports state minimum age law (14 yrs)  1906** Legislature set the maximum hours of labor for children to 55 a week and adopted a list of dangerous occupations prohibited to children under 16.  1938These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Federal regulation of child labor achieved in Fair Labor Standards Act This is so important because it is at a federal level, this standardized it because federal law trumps state law  As minors by law children do not have autonomy or the right to make decisions on their own for themselves. Instead their adult caregivers, including parents, social workers, teachers, youth workers and others, are vested with that authority depending on the circumstance the child is in  Trying to protect and oversee the care of children  Pre-Industrial and Industrial Marketplace Dependence on one’s own skills  Honesty and competence of local producer Handshake was as good as a contract  No competition between stores, just the general store  Last four decades of the 19th century: Rapid industrialization; nationwide markets  Could no longer depend on past experience to judge goods; no information upon which to judge new goods entering marketplace  Corruption in business and government; corporate schemes to eliminate competition; control prices - Hmm…this is all still true today too, still as consumers vulnerable to many of these issues First Era: late 1800-early 1900s 1898 First National Consumer’s League formed (NCL).  Formed in NYC, they focused on workers condition  Focused mostly on worker conditions  Reformers (middle to upper class) Formed the first Consumer’s League in NYC in 1891 Prepared a “white list” of shops that paid fair wages, had reasonable hours, and sanitary conditions Focused on local social problems and political corruption- These are the people benefiting from the workers  John Pemberton Invented Coca-Cola as a headache cure  Derived from Peruvian coco leaves and Africa cola nuts 1888-1906 Coca-Cola did contain cocaine (9 milligrams)  government stopped allowing product sold with cocaine, he just added some carbonation, got rid of the drug, and sold it as a drink Muckrackers American journalists, who attempted to expose the abuses of business and the corruption in politics. The term derives the word muckrake used by President TheodoreRoosevelt in a speech in 1906, in which he agreed with many of the charges of the muckrakers but asserted that some of their methods were sensational and irresponsible  Note the people specially like Roosevelt, FDR, what things (acts/laws) they were involved in, know what happened in 1906, 1938, etc.  Examples:  Mcclure’s Magazine Dr. Harvey Wiley US Dept of Ag- He was employed by Dept of Ag and his goal was to figure out how to put additives into food to help sustain their shelf life- Food preservation - “Poison Squad” volunteers who were fed food adulterants to see effect  Chemical impurities or substances that by law do not belong in a food, pesticide, or other substance. Some are added intentionally to lower the manufacturing cost of the product  More Muckrackers Upton Sinclair He wrote “The Jungle” fictional expose of the working conditions of Chicago meat packing houses Nauseated readers President Theodore Roosevelt Threw support behind Meat Inspection Act First era: early 1900s Legislation 1887—Interstate Commerce Act addresses the issues of railroad abuse and discrimination 1890—Sherman Antitrust Institute prohibits trusts (concentration of economic power in large corporations-like monopoly) 1906—Pure Food and Drug Act; Meat Inspection Act  Ended by: Economic hardship, WWI The beginning of the FDA  Second Era: 1920s-1930s 1920s: income rose; advertising, new products; purchasing unfamiliar consumer durables and food  Your Money’s Worth (Chase & FJ [robt.] Schlink, 1927) called for product testing  Consumer’s Research (CR) group formed by Schlink to do product research  Ended by: Great Depression  Second era: 1930s Consumer Organization/Books 1933- 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: Dangers in Every Day Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics (Kallet & Schlink) American population being used as guinea pigs FDA activities and FDR sent message to Congress to strengthen Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 1936—American Chambers of Horrors FDA exhibit of unsafe cosmetics and adulterated foods! 1937—The Elixir Sulfanilamide disaster was a mass poisoning in the United States. It caused deaths of more than 100 people. Capsule form was safe, liquid was not. Afterthis manufacturers had to test/prove drug safety. - It became antifreeze. They didn’t test it before selling to consumers. - Ex) Aquadots putting little girls in comas…became date