NUR 0012 Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 7 Lecture 1 August 27 Know the definitions of anatomy and physiology Anatomy study of the structure of the body and how those structures are designed to perform specific functions Physiology study of how body structures function and how their functions can regulate the body within a narrow range of values What are the levels of structural hierarchy in the human body The levels occur in the following order from most basic level to most complex The chemical level includes atoms elements organelles and other molecules The cellular level is the basic living unit of all things Next the tissue level includes 4 different types epithelial connective muscular and nervous A tissue is a group of like cells The organ level is composed of 2 or more types of tissues working together The organ system level is composed of organs working together example is the respiratory system which is composed of the lungs bronchi and trachea Lastly the organismal level can be made up of 1 cell or trillions of cells Know the gross components and general functions of the major organ systems 1 The integumentary system includes the skin dermis and glands Regulation and protection of the body prevents water loss 2 The skeletal system includes bones cartilages ligaments and tendons It provides the body with protection and support and produces red blood cells 3 The muscular system includes muscles which are attached to bones It controls movements posture and generates heat 4 The nervous system includes the brain spinal cord nerves and sensory receptors It regulates and coordinates sensation movement and other functions 5 The endocrine system includes the pituitary thymus thyroid parathyroid adrenal pineal ovaries testes and pancreas It involves the regulation and maintenance of growth metabolism etc 6 The cardiovascular system includes the heart blood vessels and blood It involves the transport of nutrients and waste It also has an immune function 7 The lymphatic system includes vessels nodes spleen thymus tonsils and lymph tissue It is involved in the immune response circulatory functions and fat absorption 8 The respiratory system includes the nasal passages pharynx larynx lungs and bronchi It controls O2 and CO2 exchange 9 The digestive system includes the mouth esophagus stomach small intestines large intestines salivary glands liver gallbladder and pancreas It involves mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested foods and absorption 10 The urinary system includes the kidneys ureters bladder and urethra It is involved in the removal of waste regulation of pH and water balance 11 The male reproductive system includes the testes prostate scrotum penis and the duct system The female reproductive system includes the ovaries uterine tubes uterus mammary glands and vagina It produces sex cells and sex hormones Lecture 2 August 29 Define homeostasis and be able to interpret negative and positive feedback mechanisms Homeostasis is our body s ability to maintain consistency in the body s internal environment no matter what the external environment is Negative feedback mechanisms are responsible for the majority of homeostatic control in the body A deviation from the normal set point is diminished or resisted completely by these mechanisms The set point refers to the level at which a certain variable tends to stabilize The normal range refers to the normal range of values corresponding to a certain variable that has an effect on the body For example our normal body temperature is approximately 98 6 F but that number can deviate a few degrees without having a negative effect on the body This refers to body temperature s normal range A stimulus such as heat is detected by receptors in our skin and our brain The receptors then send a signal through the afferent pathway to the control center part of brain that regulates action for the specific variable at hand The control center then sends a signal through the efferent pathway to effectors such as sweat glands that induce some sort of response such as sweating to bring the body back to a balanced state Examples mentioned in class include regulation of heart rate due to changes in blood pressure level and hormone release in response to blood glucose levels Positive feedback mechanisms are rare They tend to amplify the deviation from the normal set point They can be both beneficial and unhealthy sometimes fatal Beneficial mechanisms include labor delivery and blood clotting These feedback mechanisms have a STOP signal that prevents the action from continuing and harming the body During labor oxytocin is released by the posterior pituitary when a signal comes in and gets amplified A signal reaches a stop signal once the baby is born Platelets and other proteins are activated when the skin is damaged and blood clotting begins Patheophysiologic examples occur when the normal cycle gets disrupted Blood pressure is a good example of harmful positive feedback If a limb artery is cut blood pressure will go down since blood is being rapidly pumped out The control center then signals body to speed up the heart rate in response As a result the body has an escalating cascade of blood pressure dropping and heart rate speeding up which can lead to fatal results Be able to describe body planes and body regions using anatomical terminology Directional Terminology Regional Terminology Sectional Terminology 1 Frontal coronal plane split front to back anterior posterior 2 Transverse horizontal plane split through torso split top and bottom 3 Sagittal plane section parallel to midline from anterior to posterior surface a Midsagittal section down the midline b Parasagittal not on midline but still parallel to midline 4 Oblique plane section at an angle through the body Lecture 3 September 3 Discuss the basics of atomic structure Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus Neutrons are neutral uncharged particles that are also found in the nucleus Electrons orbit around the nucleus and are negatively charged Their attraction to the positive charge in the nucleus keeps them in orbit Know the different kind of chemical bonds we discussed in class and be able to identify examples of each Ionic bonds occur when one atom loses an electron and another gains it the electrons are directly transferred The element that loses the electron is referred to as the cation positively charged and the element that gains the electron is referred to as the