ESS 120 Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to effects of land dispossession on soil resourcesOutline of Current Lecture II. Tanganyika Groundnut Schemea. History of imperialistic colonization of Africab. Events leading up to Tanganyika groundnut schemec. Scheme’s implementationd. Effects of failed groundnut schemeIII. Rwanda Genocidea. Context for Rwanda genocideb.Timeline of events during genocidec.Evaluation of drivers of genocide—Malthusian catastrophesCurrent LectureI!. Tanganyika Groundnut Schemea. History of imperialistic colonization of Africa- Africa is the second most populous continent, and the second largest continent by area, with a population of 1.1 billion- 19th Century: Europeans saw Africa as a source of raw materials for industrial processes and as a market for the manufactured goods produced by European factories  led to colonization of Africa by Europeans = “Scramble for Africa” 1885-1910- Major European contenders for African colonies: Britain, France, Germany  led to development of new African borders, resulting in loss of cultural heritage for local peoples- Groundnut = British name for peanut - Tanganyika is in present day Tanzaniab. Events leading up to Tanganyika groundnut scheme- After WWII, US cut aids to allies (including Britian)  Frank Samuel decided to explore African territories for food oil production prospects to increase revenue for British These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.government, though that primitive farming currently practiced in the region could be ramped up with western mechanization of agriculture- Land was surveyed by air to find suitable locationc. Scheme’s implementation- Two sites were selected:o Southern Tanganyika: sandy, poor soils with low rainfallo Kongwa: borderline sufficient rainfall, high clay content of soil made soil concrete-like under dry conditions, but local population was growing groundnuts on a smaller scale in this region- Minister of food authorized clearing land the size of Connecticut to start project, intended for every step in this process to be mechanized, but region lacked the heavy equipment necessary, transporting the equipment inland from ocean ports nearly impossible with inadequate railways and dirt roads- Clearing land for groundnut production was difficult because lacked equipment, large trees dotted the landscape that were incredibly difficult to remove and often had cultural meaning to local peoples, lack of water source for irrigation in region- 150,000 acres were expected to be cleared by 1947, but <10,000 had been cleared by 1948- The cost of the project was >36 million BP, only 2,000 tons of nuts produced (600,000 tons expected), imported more groundnuts for planting than exported in produce  project was CANCELLED 4 years after implementationd. Effects of failed groundnut scheme- Problems:o Rainfall data insufficiento Lacked spare parts for machinery, conditions were hard on machinery, lacked traineddrivers to operate machinery in tricky circumstanceso Soils were not tested for suitability until after implementation- Temporary influx of money from groundnut industry caused region to flourish, food prices rose, but when project was cancelled, market and local economy collapsed- Potential solutions that would have avoided failure: o Attempt small pilot project before implementing huge, expensive project with out prior experience in regiono Boost Nigerian groundnut production already present instead of introducing groundnut production to new areaII. Rwanda genocidea. Context for Rwanda genocide - Rwanda’s Ethnic groups:o Hutu: 84% of population, occupied Rwanda first, crop farmerso Tutsi: 15% of population, migrated north east into Rwanda after Hutu arrived, livestock farmers- Tutsi kings= anti-Hutu policies, during Germany’s control of Rwanda in 1916, anti-Hutu policies were perpetuated, Tutsi were deemed superior because lighter skin (look more European = “Hamatic” appearance- 1930 Belgians required all Africans to carry ID cards  1959-1963 Hutu revolt, massacred Tutsi, established a Hutu-dominated government, Tutsi begin fleeing en masse - 1973 Habyarimana, Hutu general, urges the country to leave the Tutsi in peace  led to 15 years of economic growth- 1989 economic growth halted because drought + environmental problems caused agricultural production to plummet, price for coffee and tea dropped (Rwanda’s main exports)b. Timeline of events during genocide- 1990 Tutsi rebel army Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) launched civil war- Habyarimana pressured into acting violently against Tutsi rounded Tutsi up and killed many of those captives, but wasn’t enough to satisfy Hutu extremists  Habyarimana eventually assassinated as jet plane was shot down- Hutu extremists then gained power, initiated systematic killing of all Tutsi by armed forces and civilians = genocide began- 1994 RPF eventually gained power, ended genocide, emphasized importance of national unity and reconciliation- Ultimate death toll: 1,174,000 people were killed in 100 daysc. Evaluations of drivers of genocide—Malthusian catastrophe-Malthusian dilemma: more food was produced during economic prosperity, but population also grew in size, so food per person and standard of living did not improve- Malthusian catastrophe: human population growth outpaces growth of food production andresults in non-sustainable resource use- 1994 Rwandan genocide is result of ethnic tensions + environmental problems + economic instability with falling coffee