Exam 3 reviewCh. 11 Personality and individual behavior Personality - consists of the stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity. Organizational Behavior - how individuals act and behave inside the organization. The big 5 personality dimensions (O.C.E.A.N.)o Open to experience- how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad minded one is.o Conscientiousness – (the dependable personality) -how dependable,responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent one is. Strong work ethic Been found to have the strongest correlation with job performance and training performance.o Extroversion- (outgoing personality)- how outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive a person is. Success with managers and sales people Stronger predictor of job performance than agreeableness.o Agreeableness- how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one iso Neuroticism (emotional stability)- how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is. Proactive personality- someone who is more apt to take initiative and persevere to influence the environment. 5 traits important in Organizationso Locus of control- indicates how much people believe they control their fate through their own efforts. “I am.am not the captain of my fate” Internal- believe that THEY are in control of their own destiny and success- Exhibit less anxiety- Require less supervision- Have a greater work motivation- Stronger expectations that effort leads to performance- Obtain higher salaries External- believe out side forces control their destiny and success.- Might do better in highly structured jobs requiring greater compliance.- May respond more productively to merit pay or sales commissionso Self-efficacy- belief in ones personal ability to do a task. “I can/can’t do this task” Personal belief that you have what it takes to succeed High self-efficacy leads to:- high performance- Reduced anxiety- Increased tolerance for pain Low self-efficacy leads to:- Learned helplessness- the debilitating lack of faith in one’s ability to control one’s environment.- Need lots of constructive pointers and positive feedbacko Self-esteem – “I like/dislike myself”- the extent to which people like or dislike themselves, their overall self-evaluation. High self-esteem: more apt to handle failure better, to emphasize the positive (look on the bright side), to take more risks, and to choose more unconventional jobs.- When faced with pressure situations, they have been found to become egotistical and boastful Low self-esteem: when confronted with failure, they have been found to have focused on their weaknesses and to have had primarily negative thoughts.- More dependent on others and more apt to be influenced by them and to be less likely to take independent positions.o Self-monitoring- “I’m fairly able/unable to adapt my behavior to others”- the extent to which people are able to observe their own behavior and adapt it to external situations. High: Highly responsive to social and interpersonal cues. Low: referred to as being “on their own planet” and insensitive to others. Their behaviors may reflect their own inner states, including their attitudes and feelingso Emotional intelligence- “I’m pretty good/not good at understanding my emotions & the emotions of others”- the ability to cope, to empathize with others, and to be self-motivated. Associated with :- Better social relations for children and adults- Better family and intimate relationships- Being perceived more positively by others- Better academic achievement - Better psychological well-being Values and Attitudeso Values- abstract ideals that guide one’s thinking & behavior across all situations.o Attitudes-a learned predisposition toward a given object 3 components of Attitudes:o Affective- “I feel”- consists of the feelings or emotions one has about a situation “I hate being given the runaround”o Cognitive- “I believe”- consists of the beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation. “that company doesn’t know hoe to take care of customers”o Behavioral- “I intend”- refers to how one intends or expects to behave toward a situation. “I’ll never call them again” Cognitive dissonance- describes the psychological discomfort a person experiences between his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavioro Externally it looks like hypocrisyo Internally people change their attitude or behavior, reduce its importance, or acquire new info that outweighs dissonance. Perception and distortions of perceptiono 4 distortions of perception: Stereotyping: “those sorts of people are pretty much same”- the tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs.- Sex-role stereotypes- the belief that different traits and abilities make males and females particularly well suited to different roles.- Age stereotypes- tend to depict older workers as less involved in their work, less satisfied, less motivated, andless committed than younger workers.o Also depict older workers as less creative and more accident proneo Older workers also have the stereotype of absenteeism- when an employee doesn’t show up for work.- Race/ethnicity stereotype The halo effect: “one trait tells me all I need to know”- we form an impression of an individual based on a single trait. The recency effect: “the most recent impressions are the ones that count”-the tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information. Casual attributions: the activity of inferring causes for observed behavior.- Forming cause-and-effect explanations for our own and others behaviors.- Fundamental attribution bias: people attribute another person’s behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to situational factors.- Self-serving bias: people tend to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.o Success -> because of meo Failure -> because of someone else. Self-fulfilling prophecy: (Pygmalion effect) describes the phenomenon in which people’s expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true.o Powerful management tool! Expect well of people and they will tend to respond. Work-related attitudeso