LING 2100 Exam 1 Study Guide Phonetics - The study of the minimal units that make up language- Articulatory Phonetics o The study of the production of speech sounds o How individual speech sounds are made - Acoustic Phonetics o The study of the transmission and the physical properties of speech sounds o Physical aspects of the sound waves produced by speech - Auditory Phonetics o The study of the perception of speech sounds o Concerned with how speech is perceived Articulatory Phonetics - Articulation (articulatory gesture) is the motion or positioning of some part of the vocal tract with respect to some other part of the vocal tract in the production of a speech sound - Sagittal section of the vocal tract o The air moves from the lungs -> Glottis -> Vocal Folds -> Mouth o Glottis- the opening between the vocal folds o Vocal Folds- folds of muscle that are properly known as vocal cords but are not actually cords o Vowels are made without any closure on the vocal tract and consonants are made with different closures of the vocal tracts Articulation of Consonants - Segmental Features o Is the sound voiced or voiceless?o Where is the airstream constricted (what is the place of articulation)?o How is the airstream constricted (what is the manner of articulation)?- Voiced or Voiceless?o When placing your finger on your throat, if you make an s sound your vocal folds are separated to open the glottis and you should feel no vibration this is voiceless o If you make a z sound you will feel a vibration which is due to the vibration of your vocal folds and this is voiced - Place of Articulation o Bilabial  Consonants made by bringing both lips closer together  Ex: [p] [b] [m] [w]o Labiodental  Consonants made with the lower lip against the upper front teeth  Ex: [f] [v]o Interdentals  Made with the tip of the tongue protruding between the front teeth These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Ex: thigh thyo Alveolar  Sounds made with the tongue tip at or near the alveolar ridge (small ridge that protrudes just behind your upper front teeth  Ex: [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] o Alveopalatal (post-alveolar)  Sounds made a little further back; if you let your tongue slide back along the rood of your mouth you will find that front portion is hard and the back portion is soft; Post-alveolar sounds are made right at the front of the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge  Ex: leash measure church judge o Palatal  Sounds made with the tongue near the center of the hard portion on the roof of the mouth (the hard palate)  Ex: [j] yes o Velar  Consonants produced at the soft part of the roof of the mouth behind the hard palate (velum); sounds made with the tongue near the velum are velar  Ex: [k] [g] & singo Glottal  Sounds produced at the larynx  [h] high and history  glottal stop - Manner of Articulation o How the airstream is modified by the vocal tract to produce the soundo Stops  Made by obstructing the airstream completely in the oral cavity  Ex: [p] [b] your lips closed together for a moment, stopping the airflowo Fricatives  Made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract; the opening through which the air escapes is very small, and as a result a turbulent noise is produced (kind of like a hissing sound)  Ex: ship o Affricatives  Made by briefly stopping the airstream completely and then releasing the articulators slightly so that frication noise is produced; a sequence of a stop followed by a fricative  Ex: church judge o Nasals  Produced by lowering the velum and thus opening the nasal passage to the vocal tract; when the velum is raised against the back of the throat no air can escape through the nasal passage; when the velum is lowered a nasal sound occurs  Ex: [m] [n] o Lateral Approximate The midline of the vocal tract is completely obstructed like in a stop but there is a side passage around the tongue  Ex: [l] o Glides  Made with only a slight closure of the articulators, so that if the vocal tract were any more open, the result would be a vowel sound [w] is made by raising the back of the tongue toward the velum while rounding the lips at the same time, so it is a voiced bilabial glideo Flap (tap) Similar to a stop in that involves the complete obstruction of the oral cavity; the closure is much more quick than that of a stop  Ex: writer ladder Articulation of Vowels - Articulatory Properties of Vowels o Raising or lowering the body of the tongue o Advancing or retracting the body of the tongue o Rounding or not rounding the lips o Making these movements with a tense or lax gesture - Tongue Height o High  Made with the front of the mouth less open because the tongue body is raised or high  Ex: [i] [I] [u] []o Mid Produced with an intermediate tongue height Ex: atomic dell dull doll o Low  Produced with the front of the mouth opened and the tongue lowered  Ex: [æ] [a] - Tongue Advancement o Front  Tongue is raised and pushed forward so it is just under the hard palate Ex: [i]o Central  Requires neither advancement nor retraction of the tongue  Ex: luck another o Back  Made by raising the body of the tongue in the back of the mouth, toward the velum  Ex: [u] - Lip Rounding o Rounded  Ex: loop foot fall o Unrounded  All other vowels on chart - Tensenesso Tense  Have more extreme positions of the tongue or the lips than lax  Involves a bigger change from a mid-central position in the mouth  Ex: [i] o Lax  Are not peripheral to the degree that tense vowels are  Ex: [I]Diphthongs- Monophthongs are simple vowel sounds - Diphthongs are complex vowel sounds; two-part vowel sounds consisting of a transition from one vowel to the other in the same syllable - Even though it consists of a sequence of sounds, it is considered one sound similar to an affricateIPA- International Phonetic Alphabet - Representation of all of the speech sounds of all of the languages of the world Different Types of Learners - Deep o Motivated because that discipline has something to offer them o More creative and think how does this apply to the real world or directly to me o Top of their field in every field o We should think like this in this class - Strategic o Motivated by