BIOL 460 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture I. Definition of ImmunologyII.ConceptIII. HistoryIV. Passive ImmunityCurrent Lecture Immunology- defense against microbes. -activated against foreign substances not pathogens. -hypersensitivity reactions eg. Poison ivy. -organ transplants. -altered self cells/ molecules – cancer. -unaltered self cells/ molecules/ autoimmunity.Concept- People recover from infectious disease can nurse the sick i.e. exempt from the disease. This was seen in cases of plague in Athens.1. exempt = “immunis”.2. introduce immunity on purpose as seen in small pox xvth century.Pustules into small incision in skin is called as variolation.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.History: 1718- Lady Montogue applies the principle on her own children in Turkey.1759- Betty Randolf in Williamsburg, Pennsylvania. Benjamin Franklin addresses small pox in his letter.1777- Washington orders Continental army for compulsory variolation.1798- Edward Jenner- Milkmaids who contacted cow pox (similar to small pox but milder) had lighter symptoms to small pox or never contacted small pox. Experiment: ½ children injected with cow pox first, then injected with small pox. Children were alright. Cholera:Pasteur- He would grow bacteria in culture. The cultured bacteris were injected into chickens. They all died. Reasoning was contaminations as scientists went for vacations. Therefore after vacation used an old culture for injecting chickens and chickens survived. “Attenuated Cultures” used.“Vaccine” vacca- means cow or “derived from cow”.1881- Anthrax1885- A boy bit by a rabid dog . Attenuated rabis virus injected saves his life. Immunology was born. Silk industry worm problem solved by Pasteur.1967- WHO- small pox. - Bird flu misfire.1979- Atlanta: last known case of small pox.Polio- virus causes paralyses.1952- 10,00 cases in US.1955- Salk used killed viruses.1961- Sabine used attenuated viruses.1964- less than 100 cases in US.1995- last case in Peru.WWI- FluWWII- Spanish Flu.1901- Behring- Serum from animals immunized against the infection can protect other individuals.Total blood free from all cells results in “plasma”. Removing all clotting agents from plasma gives “serum”.Normal serum is from non- immunized individuals.Immune serum or “anti –serum” is received from immunized individuals.30’s fractionation- molecule responsible is in the gamma- globulin infarction.“Antigen” is the antibody generating substance.“Antibody” is the molecule substrate which specifically binds to a substance that provoked its production.If antibody comes from serum it is part of “humoral response”.Behring- Antibody transferred to individuals is called as “passive