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Lecture 2 OutlineHow to LearnSystems Context Typology ISystems Context Typology IISystems Typology : Complex Systems Functional Classification Matrix from Magee and de WeckSome Things Do Not Have Architectures with Internal StructureStructural TypologyComments on Typologies: Attributes of Effective ClassificationWhat has been going on recently in “The New Science of Networks”?Papers with “Complex Networks” in TitleMagazines with major article on NetworksWhat has been going on recently in “The New Science of Networks”?Why might We (who are interested in design, management, behavior, etc. of complex systems) care?Comparative Progress in Understanding and performance: CLM objective/subjective observationsThe Iterative Learning ProcessWhat is needed to greatly improve the practice of complex social/ technological system design?Terms and DefinitionsForm and FunctionOther System CharacteristicsNetwork Analysis TerminologyNetwork Analysis EssentialsNetwork Analysis TerminologyMetrics (as used in this class)Network metricsNetwork Metrics IImportant topics at the “Research Front”Various classes of networksNetwork Analysis EssentialsMore Research Front TopicsLecture 2 OutlineProfessor C. Magee, 2006Page 1Lecture 2 Outline• Typologies of architectures (classification or taxonomy)• Context (or domain of knowledge)• Functional (object-process)• Structural• Network Analysis Activity and the improvement of models• Terms and Definitions• Engineering Systems• Network Analysis (graph theory)• Research Front IssuesProfessor C. Magee, 2006Page 2How to Learn• We will learn more about such architecture/structure by examining a wide variety of systems such as biological, sociological, economic at a variety of levels in addition to thetechnological and organizational systems of most direct interestto us, because• These systems are similar in many ways, perhaps more than we think• Since we want to influence structure (not just accept it as we are interested in design), we will also explore how structure is determined by looking at system typologies and constraints that influence or determine the structure• We will use network methods - a choice of level of abstractionProfessor C. Magee, 2006Page 3Systems Context Typology I• Technical Systems• Power-oriented (e.g., cars, aircraft, their engines, etc.) • Information-oriented • Physically realized: e.g., telephone network, Internet• Non-physical: e.g., software, mathematical systems (Macsyma, Mathematica)• Organizations (of humans)• Teams• Hierarchies• Networks• Social/economic “systems”• Markets• Social Classes• Social networks like coauthors, citation lists, e-mails, terrorists• Behaviors: e.g., rumors, diseases, herd mentality• Biological systems• Cells• Animal body plans• The process and role of evolutionSystems Context Typology IIProfessor C. Magee, 2006Page 4• Overtly designed• Can be an architect• A design strategy is practical• Products, product families• Cars, airplanes• Bell System• Organizations• Centrally-planned economies• Infrastructures• Architect not common• Protocols and standards are crucial• Design strategy may or may not be practical• May be designed when small• Usually grow with less direction from a common strategy when large• Regional electric grids• City streets• Federal highway system• Natural systems• No architect• Follow laws of physics• Respond to context• Change, develop• Differentiate or speciate• Interact hierarchically, synergistically, exploitatively• Cells, organisms, food webs, ecological systems• Friendship groupings?• Co-author networks?In all cases, legacy (similar to path dependency)is possibly a dominant influenceProfessor C. Magee, 2006Page 5Systems Typology : Complex Systems Functional Classification Matrix from Magee and de Weck Process/OperandMatter(M)Energy(E)Information (I) Value(V)Transform or Process (1)GE Polycarbonate Manufacturing PlantPilgrim Nuclear Power PlantIntel Pentium V N/ATransport or Distribute (2)FedEx Package DeliveryUS Power Grid SystemAT&T Telecommunication NetworkIntl Banking SystemStore orHouse (3)Three Gorge DamThree Gorge DamBoston Public Library (T)Banking SystemsExchange or Trade (4)eBay Trading System (T)Energy MarketsReuters News Agency (T)NASDAQ Trading System (T)Control or Regulate (5)Health Care System of FranceAtomic Energy CommissionInternational Standards OrganizationUS Federal Reserve (T)Professor C. Magee, 2006Page 6Some Things Do Not Have Architectures with Internal Structure• Random Networks• Perfect gases• Crowds of people• Their behavior can still be analyzed –indeed they are usually easier to analyze than real systems. Thus, they often form a baseline for comparison to things that do have architectures with significant structureStructural Typology• Totally regular• Grids/crystals • Pure Trees• Layered trees• Star graphs• Deterministic methods used• Real things• The ones we are interested in• New methods or adaptations of existing methods needed• No internal structure• Perfect gases• Crowds of people• Classical economics with invisible hand• Stochastic methods used• Less regular-“Hub and spokes”-“Small Worlds”-Communities-Clusters -MotifsProfessor C. Magee, 2006Page 7Professor C. Magee, 2006Page 8Comments on Typologies: Attributes of Effective Classification• Standards for Taxonomy• Collectively Exhaustive and Mutually Exclusive• Internally Homogeneous• Stability• Understandable Representation and Naming• None of the approaches just reviewed really fulfill these criteria. Interestingly (more later in course), no categorizations of man made systems have ever been found that fulfill these criteria. Natural systems categorizations have been found that do fulfill these criteria (Linnaeus and Mendeleyev) and these have even been the basis of future successful predictions.Professor C. Magee, 2006Page 9What has been going on recently in “The New Science of Networks”?• The Physicists and their friends have come to this area strongly starting with the paper in Nature by Watts and Strogatz in 1998• The publications started with a few per year and now have reached 1000’s per year in various journals (plus 3 books).Professor C. Magee, 2006Page 10Papers with “Complex Networks” in Title2,00019982,3102,4082,6032,7853,0873,7014,8201999 2000YearFigure by MIT OCW. Adapted from:


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