Phil 252 Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Ethics (Morals) II. Does everyone have a moral compass?III. Standards for being a competent moral judge IV. Considered moral beliefs Outline of Current Lecture I. Moral Theory DefinitionII. Types of Moral Theoriesa. How it beganb. Experiment Machinec. Mill’s Proof III. UtilitarianismCurrent LectureIV. Moral Theories A. A set of tools/ideas that can be used to produce a relatively clear-cut way of approaching morals.V. Types of Moral Theories a.It began with the idea that one and one thing only this is good within itself and that is the feeling of happiness. i.Philosophers disagreed on the definition of happiness and how to quantify it, so they came up with as a definition of happiness: Hedonism- pleasure and the absence of painii.However, this led to arguments over what was considered pleasure, so philosophers came up with ways to quantify pleasure and pain 1.The intensity of the pleasure or pain (strong pleasure vs weak pleasure) 2.The certainty of the pleasure (some things are guaranteed pleasure, while others are not) 3.The proximity of the pleasure (short term vs long term pleasures) These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4.The fecundity of the pleasure (whether pleasures grow or decrease over time)5.The purity of the pleasure (is there any other feelings associated with the pleasure? Guilt? Fear? Sadness?) 6.The quality of the pleasure a.Higher pleasures call upon higher levels of thinking, such as reading Shakespeare or listening to classical musicb.Lower pleasures call upon basic needs, such as eating andsleepingb.The Experience Machine Experiment i.The idea that philosophers proposed to people was this: there is an automated program that can give you all of what you have always wanted in a virtual world. You would be completely happy and satisfied and all of your wants and needs would be fulfilled. No pain, only pleasure. You would have fake memories to go with the computer worldyou lived in. Then they asked people if they would sign up for the program. ii.A lot of people said yes they would sign up for the project, while a lot also said no. iii.This experiment led Philosopher to believe that Desire Satisfaction was the key to happiness. Which led to Mill’s Proof.c.Mill’s Proof i.The idea is that each person cares about their own happiness and *there is no difference between your happiness and the happiness of others* ii.Therefor the pleasure of everyone as a whole is good. This way of thinking led to Utilitarianism. VI.Utilitarianism: a.The moral theory states that an act is right if it produces the greatest happinessfor the greatest number of people. The action is wrong if otherwise. b.This moral theory has many flaws: i.It essentially makes morality into a math problem. If a lot of people get joy out of hurting other people, the technically Utilitarianism says that hurting people is good. 1.Example: Slavery ii.Animal Rights activists use this theory to help their cause (why should we mistreat animals when they feel pain just like us). iii.It is also used in economic policy. (Capitalism and Communism are founded off of the Utilitarian