BIOL 310 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Previous Lecture- MendelismI. What is Genetics and Who is Mendel?A. What were early explanations for trait inheritance?II. Model organisms and their common traitsIII. Mendel’s Method of InheritanceIV. How does Mendel’s findings differ from the previous hypotheses? Outline of Current Lecture:I. Mendel’s ExplanationsII. The Law of SegregationIII. Mendel’s Next QuestionsIV. Mendel’s Conclusions A. the Law of Independent AssortmentB. The Central Dogmasi. Mendel’s Explanations- In each body cell, there are 2 alleles for each trait, he called these unit factors- If factors are dissimilar, one factor is dominant over the other and determines the phenotype- During gamete formation, each gamete attributes 1 unit factor for each trait to the offspring- The combination of gametes is RANDOM!ii. The Law of Segregation- The Law of Segregation states that each parent possesses 2 alleles and 1 randomly selected allele is passed down to the offspring.iii. Mendel’s Next Questions- Do factors for different traits interact during gamete formation?- In the cross between a Round, Yellow pea and a Wrinkled, Green pea….o Which unit is dominant according to Mendel? (see previous lecture) Round, Yellowo Which are recessive? Wrinkled Green- He then performed a dihybrid cross. This means crossing the F1 with another F1 or self-pollinating an F1.o He observed that even though the F1 was mated with itself, the dominance rate is still the same 3:1 while the phenotype rate changed to 9:3:3:1iv. Mendel’s Conclusions When 2 pairs of factors(genes) are involved, it is called Independent AssortmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Central Dogmas:o Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes- Prokaryotes- no nucleus, no cell wall, unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, circular DNA Eukaryotes- nucleus, cell wall, multi or unicellular, membrane bound organelles, circular & linear DNAo Unit of heredity is the geneo Alleles are different forms of the same geneo Genes encode for RNAo DNA and RNA carry informationo Genes are located on chromosomeso Mitosis is the process where somatic cells are “Xeroxed” (meaning an identical copy is made)o Meiosis is the process where genetic material is halved, creating a more diverse organism through recombination and independent assortment. In animals, Meiosis creates gametes while in plants, it creates spores.o Flow of Information = DNA RNA Proteino Mutations change the DNAo Polygenetic traits contain multiple genes to make a single traito Evolution is the change in gene frequency in a population over