ART 1040 3-D Design Study GuidePart 3 Chapter 11: Materials and MethodsCHOICE OF MATERIALS- Strength (how much weight can given material hold? breaking pt. when twisted, folded, bent?) - Workability (how difficult is it to alter the shape? Can it be melted or dripped to create new form?)- Durability (what range of forces can material withstand? Heat, wind, water, UV light? - Weight (function of the project and how can material weight best serve that function?) - Cost (material obtained easily and at reasonable cost?) - Toxicity (many plastics produce gases when cut, etched, burned; paints and solvents may require masks and gloves and are hard to dispose of; is ventilation appropriate for toxic materials?)- Function (material appropriate for a particular purpose?)Increasing Material Strength - Composite – created when 2 or more materials of differing strengths are fused together o Fiberglass, which fuses glass filaments and plastic resino Ferro-concrete, which embeds metal mesh in concreteo Foam core, which is made from a sheet of polystyrene between sheets of coated paper) - Structural strengtho Skeleton – provides internal structure needed by mammals and fish Armature (ex. Wire/wooden armature in lampshade) o Exoskeleton – many insects and sea creatures rely on this  Flying buttress- Distributing forceo Compression – when a material is pushed inwardso Tension – when a material is pulled outwards o Bend – when direct pressure is applied on one end o Torque – a twisting motion o Shear – when force is applied to opposite sides of material o The equilateral triangle is the linear shape that best resists deformation, and the tetrahedron or pyramid is the strongest 3-D formMethods of Construction- Additive sculpture – piece is created from separate parts that have been connected, usually using glues, joints, stitching or weldso Assemblage (objects and images designed for different purpose) o Modeling (ceramicists use this often)- Subtractive sculpture – artists removes materials from a larger mass (ex. carving, drilling, cutting and turning on a lathe)- Solidification – when a liquid material is poured into a mold or extruded through a pipe, then allowed to harden - Displacement – a solid material is physically forced into a new configuration (ex. Stamping process for minting coins)CONNECTIONS AND TRANSITIONS - Visual connections compositionally unify multiple surfaces and physical connections increase strength, flexibility, functionality and stability - Connections are made: o Through contact o Through junctionso Through joints- Angles and joints create transitions from surface to surface- Fluid transitions are often created through gradual change from one surface to another (graduation – creates a sequential change within a consistent pattern) TRADITIONAL AND TRANSFORMATIVE MATERIALSStone- Limestone, basalt, marble and other dense, finely grained stones have been used for ages Clay- Perhaps the most versatile and basic of all materials - Hand formed using coil, slab and carving techniques, poured into molds, and thrown using a wheel - Can be glazed - Very durable Metals - Bronze casting used for large scale sculptures generally - Gold, copper, silver, pewter and brass are more commonly used for jewelry and utensils - Most metals can be cast, forged, soldered, etched and stamped Wood- Wood is used most commonly to create functional structures- It is relatively lightweight, easily painted, and versatile- It can be carved, steam-formed, and assembled using hinges and joints Glass- Used for containers primarily; can be transparent or opaque- In its molten state it can be poured, blown, pressed into molds, drawn into threads, stamped and extruded.Fibers- Cover a wide range of linear materials including strips of willow, bamboo andreeds, as well as cotton, linen, silk and wool - Used for basketry, quilts, clothing and other commonplace objects - Most fibers can be painted/dyed - They can be woven, braided, knotted, knitted, feltedPlastic- Transparent, translucent or opaque, can be formed into sheets and then cut and assembled - Many types can be extruded, cast, vacuum-formed - Lightweight, varied in color, cheap to produce Ephemeral Materials - Ephemera – materials that rapidly decay or trashSTUDENT MATERIALS- Common student materials: Bristol board, corrugated cardboard, plywood, wire, plaster gauze- Boardso Bristol board – like thick, stiff papero Chipboard – dense, grey, uncoated board made from recycled paper (most drawing boards have this backing)o Foam core – light, strong, and rather unforgiving (must be cut with very sharp X-Acto knife)o Corrugated cardboard – strong, lightweight, cheap and amazingly versatile, often used for large scale projects - Glues o Glue stick – water soluble, acid-free, and nontoxic; designed for thin paper o Rubber cement – a traditional paper adhesive that is highly toxic, flammable and impermanento Hot glue – wax-based, translucent, effective in adhering non porous materials; can also be used to tack cardboard structures together while the white glue dries o Dry mounting tissue – distributed in sheets of thin, clear plastic; adhesion occurs when it is heated in dry mount press or with an iron - Tapes o Transparent tape – “scotch” is an all-purpose lightweight, temporary adhesive for papero Masking tape – is tough, flexible crepe-paper tap; designed to mask offunpainted areas; good temporary adhesive for boardso Drafting tape/ artist’s tape – like masking tape but with less glue and can be removed without damaging the surface they were ono Double-sided encapsulating tape – acrylic adhesive on both surfaces MEANINGFUL MATERIALS- Materials have psychological associations as well as physical properties - Mirrors are fragile, autumn leaves represent decay,