Anatomy Physiology I Class Notes 8 21 14 Chapter 1 Major Themes of Anatomy Physiology Anatomy is form Physiology is function o Anatomy the study of human structure o Physiology the study of the body functions Observation is key to understanding Anatomy Anatomy o Examining the structure of the Human body through Inspection Palpation using fingers to feel body Auscultation stethoscope Percussion listening to sounds made when different parts of the body are hit i e stomach o Cadaver Anatomy dissecting dead bodies o Comparative Anatomy scientists often use animals that are anatomically similar to humans to learn more about human anatomy dogs are very anatomically similar to humans o Inspection Exploratory surgery Gross anatomy observable with the naked eye Medical imaging Radiology x rays Cytology observation of cells Histology microscopic anatomy Histopathology study of tissue under a microscope Ultrastructure electron microscope to look at detail in cell mostly only used in research Random increased white blood cells are always indicative of an infection Physiology o Sub disciplines Neurophysiology physiology of nervous system Endocrinology physiology of hormones Pathophysiology physiology of disease o Comparative Physiology Used like in anatomy because there are limitations on human experiments Scientific method uniform approach to experimentation o Driven by observations Make observation based on previous experiments inductive reasoning and questions Come up with hypothesis must be testable Carry out experiments Start to make predictions deductions to test and eliminate some predictions o Francis Bacon England Rene Descartes France were key in forming the scientific method o Science and Scientific method Set standard for truth must be repeatable The inductive method used in anatomy o Described by Francis Bacon Make numerous observations i e clinical studies Knowledge of Obtaining was obtained from this method Hypothetical Deductive Method used in physiology o Investigator asks question o Forms hypothesis o Characteristics of a good hypothesis Consistent with previous knowledge Testable and possibly falsifiable with evidence The Hierarchy of Complexity the tier system of things in body going from simple to complex o Microscopic Macroscopic o Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism o Reductionism theory that a large complex system can be understood by studying small components Proposed by Aristotle o Holism theory that there are emergent properties of the whole organism Humans are more than the sum of their parts o We use a combination of reductionism and holism Anatomical Variation o No two humans are exactly alike There is a most common structure for humans but individuals can vary from this structure i e missing muscles extra vertebrae renal arteries etc Variation in organ locations o Pelvic kidney kidneys start out low and migrate upwards during development in humans with pelvic kidney one might not migrate upward o Heart variations of the branches of the aorta o Abdominal aorta common iliac can become bent twisted Characteristics of Life things that distinguish living things from the nonliving o Organization o Evolution o o o o o o Cellular composition Movement Development Reproduction Metabolism Homeostasis Physiological variation o There are typical physiological values Reference man 22 years old 154 lbs light physical activity consumes 2800 cal day Reference woman same as man except 128 lbs and consumes 2000 cal day o Physicians need to adjust these standards based on their patients variation from them