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UB UGC 112 - Final Exam Study Guide

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ConflagrationWWI—1914-1918Most major battles occurred on European soilBUT many Americans, Africans and Asians (soldiers) were brought across oceans to joining in the killing efforts.Impact was GLOBALFreedom and self-determination1. Required resources from a large part of the worldProduction and consumption on a mass scaleThese became features of economic modernityHelped to spread a mass culture with radio and film2. Harsh terms of peace settlementUnbalanced the global economyLed directly to the Great Depression3. Political turmoil surrounding the war inflamed disputes over HOW to manage mass societies and build a better worldThe three amazingly different visions that arose wereLiberal DemocraticAuthoritarianAnticolonialAll competed with each otherIn the 1920s being modern meant having mass production and mass consumption.The three different types of visions: liberal democratic did not let go of market economies or parliamentary democracy. Included greater power for state regulatory bureaucracies. Didn’t seem promising after the great depression.Authoritarianism=soviet union, Nazi Germany, fascist Italy etc.Anticolonial—favored mixing western ideas with indigenous traditionsThe Great WarIt made clear how much the power of the state now depended on the support of the peopleCauses of the war were complicatedRoot of the cause—rivalry between GREAT BRITAIN and GERMANY.Central Powers==Germany and Austria-HungaryAllied Powers==originally called the Triple Entente—Britain with France and RussiaBoth sides were well armed and had an understanding that they were ready to attack at any moment.In August 1914 this opportunity came when the heir to Hapsburg Empire was assassinated in Sarajevo (capital of Austrian Bosnia)Stalemate occurred at battle of the Marne in September 1914.Nearly 70 million men worldwide fought in the war13 million served in the German armyTens of thousands of women (due to mass mobilization) served at or near the front as doctors, nurses, and techniciasns. Took on previously male occupations as well. Women also rioted at times because they were traumatized by loss and desperate to feed their childrenResults of the war—8 million deaths20 million woundedintroduction of the tank while trying to break stalemate. After the antiwar demonstrationsWar destroyed entire empiresRomanov RussiaFebruary Revolution—brought an end to the monarchyBolsheviks—left-wing Socialists who seized power in 1917. Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky led themClaimed they were overtaking the February bourgeois revolution. Germany victory was established andIn 1917, US declared war on Germany.With US troops added to the fray, balance of military power in Europe changed. German troops began to surrender, food shortages happened. Central powers fell. The Ottoman Empire also collapsedThe Peace Settlement and the Impact of the WarFive peace conferences were convened—one for each of the Central Powers.League of Nations—was to be set up to negotiate further quarrels.French inssited that Germany be assigned sole blame for the war and forced it to pay reparationsProblems with self-determination (page 715)US and Russia were outside the League of Nations.Britain, France, Japan and US wanted to keep Communist “Red” Russia isolated.Demobilization his societies hardWorking women laid off a lotBut managed to gain voting rishd soon afterClaimed new privilegesMass Society: Culture, Production, and ConsumptionThe war contributed to the making of MASS SOCIETIESMobilized entire societies to produce and to fightMass Culture---mass communication and entertainment. Distributed propaganda a lot. Through public lectures, theater shows, musical compositions, and censored newspapers. Postwar mass culture was UNIQUE. It reflected the tastes of the working and the middle classes. These people now had more time and money to spend entertaining themselves. It also relied on new technologies such as radio and film.Radio—1920s was its big time. For the whole familywas a way to mobilize the masses, especially in authoritarian regimes.Film and Advertising—Nazi-era films were comedies, musicals etcIn market economies, radio and film were big industries. Through their advertising they promoted other industries as wellMass Production and Mass ConsumptionSustaining military production, men and women were working in factories and in the colonies. Modern world was demanding greater volume, lower cost, faster speed and standardized output. These are all key characteristics of MASS PRODUCTIONEconomic balance of power in the world was shuffled as well. The US became an economic powerhouse. US was regarded as a working vision of modernity. Production and consumption were both booming.The Automobile Assembly Line—best example of the relationship of MP and MC in US was the motorcar. Model-T by Ford was within middle class’ reach. Nearly 4 million jobs related directly or indirectly to the automobile. After WWI automobile ownership became more common (Model T came out in 1908)Mass consumption—increased purchasing power in the middle classes. Ford knew without this and the appetite for goods, there could be NO mass production.Demonstration that mass production worked? Cars in 1920 Americans owned 8 million, 1930, they owned 23 million.The Great DepressionBecause of overproduction, many producers faced sagging prices.Black Tuesday—October 24, the American Stock Market collapsed. Led the world into the GD. Its causes went back to the Great War which had left European nations in deep debt as they struggled to rebuild their economies and pay off war debts.Europeans borrowed heavily from the US. Starting in central Europe, financial institutions began to collapse.Wall Street crash of 1929Withering of world trade as a result.Tariff barriers were raised against importsMillions of workers were laid off, production cutback. The combinations of shrinking markets and drastic shortages of credit forced industries and farms into bankruptcy.Started rethinking the idea that markets should govern themselves (core of laissez faire liberalism)State intervention was criticalJohn Meynard Keynes in 1936 published an important treatise. Argued that sometimes the STATE has to do its job and increase the money supply and create jobsMany government were determining that capitalism had to be saved from itself. Political liberalism was called into questionMass Politics: Competing Visions for Building Modern StatesWWI heightened unsettling of


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