AST-A105 1nd EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 25Lecture 1 (January 16, 2014)Introduction to the Sun and EarthWhat is the Sun? What is Earth? What is a Scientific Theory? Define constellations. Why do most celestial objects rise in the East and set in the West?The Sun is a typical star made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. Earth is a rocky planet with an iron core. The Sun is 100x larger in diameter than Earth. The volume of the Sun is 1,000,000 times the volume of Earth.A Scientific Theory is an idea that proposes to explain observations.Constellations are apparent groupings of bright starts in the sky. Earth’s daily rotation from West to East is what causes most celestial objects to rise in the East and set in the West. Lecture 2 (January 21, 2014)What is the difference between astronomy and astrology? Explain and be able to convert numbers into Scientific Notation. Astrology is an ancient superstition not based on the scientific method that involves horoschopes, psychic readings, etc. It has not been tested by observation or experiment. Astronomy is a modern science based on the laws of physics that has been verifies by observation and experiment. It is a natural science that is the study of celestial objects. Scientific Notation- a special way of writing numbers that are too large to be written in decimal form. See rules for how to read and convert numbers into Scientific Notation in Lecture 2.Lecture 3 (January 23, 2014)Be able to understand waves and define the following terms:Crest- high point of a waveTrough- low point of a waveAmplitude- height of a waveWavelength- “lambda”, distance between each successive crestFrequency- ν “nu”, number of crests passing at a specific point per timeTransverse Wave- oscillation is perpendicular to travel direction (ex. Waves on a string, electromagnetic waves)Longitudinal Wave- oscillation is parallel to travel direction (ex. Sound waves)Spectrum- a separation of light into its constituent wavelengths, using a prism of grating.Lecture 4 (January 28, 2014)What are the 3 Temperature Scales and which scale is used in what part of the world? Fahrenheit- used in the USA- Absolute Zero is found at -460 degrees- Water freezes at 32 degrees- Water boils at 212 degreesCelsius- used outside the USA and in science- Absolute Zero is found at -273 degrees- Water freezes at 0 degrees- Water boils at 100 degreesa. Kelvin- absolute scale used in science- K = C + 273- Zero K = Absolute Zero- Water freezes at 273 degrees- Water boils at 373 degreesWhat is a Black Body/ Black Body Curve? A Black Body is a term used for an ideal absorber and emitter of EM radiation. Examples of a Black Body include a heated bar of iron or a stellar photosphere. A Black Body Curve is a plot of intensity vs. wavelength for black bodies of a given temperature T. Lecture 5 (January 30, 2014)What is Spectroscopy? What are the 3 Kirchoff’s Laws?Spectroscopy is the study of spectrums, the array of wavelengths produced when light is dispersed by a prism or grating. The intensity measures the brightness of light at a particular wavelength. The 3 Kirchoff’s Laws are: (1) A hot solid object or dense gas produces a continuous spectrum.(2) A low-density, hot gas produces an emission line spectrum.(3) A low-density, cooler gas produces an absorption line spectrum when viewed in front of a hotter continuous source. Lecture 6 (February 4, 2014)Understand the Spectroscopic Method, and define the following terms:The Spectroscopic Method is where every element or compound produces a unique set of lines…a fingerprint. Nucleus- central structure of an atomProtons- small part of an atomNeutrons- small part of an atomElectrons- orbit about nucleusPhotons- are emitted or absorbed when an electron changes orbitPhoton energy- energy difference between two orbitsIonization- atom absorbs sufficient energetic photon to cause emotion of soar! Lecture 7 (February 11)- Sun is a typical star- a self-gravitating sphere of hot gas- Luminosity- energy output per time Lecture 8 (February 13)- Standard Solar Model- computer model for the interior structure of the Sun- Hydrostatic Equilibrium- outward gas pressure force balances inward force of gravity- Thermal Equilibrium- energy radiated from the photosphere of the Sun is replaced by an internal energy release Ordinary burning (oxidation) can only power the Sun for a few thousand years. - Hydrogen Fusion- 4 Hydrogen nuclei (protons) fuse to form 1 helium nucleuso 4 H  1 He + energyLecture 9 (February 18)- Atmosphere of the Sun:o Photosphereo Chromosphereo Transition Roado CoronaLecture 10 (February 20)- Sunspots- Sunspots- cooler regions (4500 K) in photosphere- Sunspot cycle- average number of spots varies with a period of approximately 11years.- Sunspot maximum- last occurred in late 2000i. Flare- violent release of energy and particles from a small region in solar atmosphere- Solar Wind- stream of mostly protons and electrons escaping from coronaii. Flow out through solar systemiii. Aurora- northern and southern lights near Earth’s polesLecture 11 (February 25)- Solar Neutrinoso Neutrino- a very low mass, neutral particle that travels near the speed of lighto Parallax- the apparent shift of an object due to a change in viewpoint.Lecture 12 (February 27)- Star- a fixed luminous point in the night sky that is a large, remote incandescent body like the Sun. - Luminosity (L)- energy per time radiated by star- Inverse Square Law for Radiation- energy radiated by star that spreads out over an area as it increases by d2. - Ideal Gas Law- obeyed by normal gases: air in this room, as well as hot, ionized gas inside the Sun. Lecture 13 (March 4)- Stellar Spectra- spectral classification based on absorbtion lines.- Spectral Sequence –O B A F G K MLecture 14 (March 11)Be familiar with how stars form:Star Formation → stars form in cold, dense interstellar clouds called dark nebula.Dark Nebula are dense clouds of gas and dust. Dust absorbs visible light and hides the stars behind it. Clouds can collapse because they are goingin and out of hydrostatic equilibrium. Gravity pushes in.Pressure pushes out.When gravity pressure is too great, cloud collapses. When central temperature reaches 10^7K, a protostar is formed and hydrogen fusion begins to take place in the core. As hydrogen fusion takes