BIOL 425 8th EditionFinal Exam Study GuideExam 1 Material- The process of photosynthesis results in the formation of two substances essential to our existence: sugar and oxygen.- The function of the leaf epidermis and cuticle is to limit water loss.- Assimilates are transported in the phloem.- Cellulose makes up about half of the dry weight of plant cell walls.- Cellulose is composed of covalently linked sugar subunits.- The common transport form of sugar in plants is sucrose and in animals is glucose.- Amylose and glycogen consist of alpha-glucose subunits.- Chitin is the principal component of the cell walls of fungi.- Oils and fats are examples are triglycerides.- Some secondary metabolites function as chemical signals or in the defense of the plant against herbivores.- Alkaloids, phenolics and terpenoids are the three major classes of secondary plant metabolites.- Nucleic acids differ from proteins in that they do not contain sulfur like proteins do.- The nucleolus is the structure in which ribosome subunits are formed.- The Golgi complex is part of the endomembrane system.- The alignment of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall is controlled by cortical microtubules.- In the cell cycle, interphase consists of the G1, G2 and S phases.- The secondary wall is the innermost cell wall layer, progressing outward to the primary wall and lastly, the middle lamella.- The formation of the phragmosome is unique to cell division in plants.- The phragmoplast:o Forms between two daughter nuclei (NOT at the walls of the dividing cell then growing inward)o Is composed of microfibrilso Is required for proper targeting of Golgi-derived vesicles to the cell plateo Disappears once the cell plate reaches and fuses with the plasma membraneo If a phragmosome is present in the cell, the phragmoplast and cell plate will grow through the space occupied by the phragmosome- Cellulose synthase complex is situated in the plasma membrane.- In the absence of other discriminating factors, water potential is higher where solute concentration is lower.- Turgor pressure results most directly from water moving into a cell by osmosis.- In plasmolysis, the cell loses water and plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.- The membrane “bilayer” is composed of phospholipids.- Polar molecules cannot enter a cell by simple diffusion.- An aquaporin is a channel protein for water.- An enzyme repeatedly carries out its reaction.- The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system and its surroundings after an energy conversion is equal to the total energy before the conversion.- The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a temperature optimum because the enzyme activity increases to a point, then decreases because protein denaturation increases.- Fermentation is an exergonic process, meaning that it releases energy to its surroundings.- Formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate as a result of electron transport occurs in oxidative and photo- phosphorylation.- In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate.- Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA in the matrix of the mitochondria.- During the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, NADH is produced.- In the citric acid cycle, two molecules of ATP are produced from one glucose molecule.- The most abundant component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain is coenzymeQ.- ATP synthesis in the oxidative phosphorylation depends on the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.- ATP synthase:o Synthesizes ATPo Binds phosphateo Binds ADPo Transports hydrogen ions (**Note that it does NOT transport electrons!)- Under anaerobic conditions, yeasts and most plant cells convert pyruvate into ethanol andcarbon dioxide.- The O2 evolved in photosynthesis comes from water (H2O).- An action spectrum is different from an absorption spectrum in that an action spectrum displays the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths for a specific process.- Chlorophyll a is the only pigment that can be found in the reaction centers of all photosynthetic eukaryotes.- The antenna complex “funnels” energy to the reaction center.- In the antenna complex, light energy can also be transferred from one pigment molecule to another by resonance energy transfer.- In photophosphorylation, the role of the ATP synthase complex is to provide a channel forprotons to flow to the chloroplast stroma and their energy used for ATP production.- ATP and the proton gradient are produced during both the noncyclic AND cyclic electron flow.- Hot, dry environmental conditions favor photorespiration.- The CO2 from malate or aspartate is released in the bundle-sheath cells and fixed there by the Calvin cycle in C4 plants.- Compared to a C4 plant, a C3 plant needs less ATP to fix CO2.- Rubisco can use O2 or CO2 as a substrate.Exam 2 Material- Chromatin consists of DNA, histones and other proteins.- Alleles: Interactions between alleles determine the characteristics of diploid organisms.- If two genes are linked, then by definition they occur on the same chromosome.- Allopolyploidy refers to the interspecific hybrids with different sets of chromosomes.- Maternal inheritance in plants involves genes present in the mitochondria and plastids.- Sexual reproduction produces and maintains an infinite array off genetic diversity in populations.- In DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction.- When DNA methylation is removed, transcription is activated/stimulated.- Introns are segments of a gene that are transcribed and segments of the (pre)-mRNA but snipped out in the nucleus before being exported for translation.- RNA contains uracil instead of the thymine found in DNA.- Restriction enzymes recognize and cut in specific short palindromic sequences.- By definition, a transformed cell contains and expresses a recombinant DNA molecule.- When the lacZ gene technique is used to detect recombinant DNA in host bacterial cells, the colonies will appear blue if the cells have NOT been successfully transformed, and white if the transformation was successful.- Agrobacterium induces the formation of crown-gall tumors by transferring the Ti plasmidcontaining T-DNA to the host plant’s nuclear DNA- “Golden rice” is notable because of its high β–carotene content.- PCR is based on special DNA polymerases which have resistance to high temperature.- BT genes are transferred into plants for the purpose of conferring