BIOM 121 1nd EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 25-33Lecture 25 (April 7)- Describe eukaryotic animalso Animals eat other organisms, move at some stage of life, are multicellular- What are the different types of symmetry?o Bilateral (if cut in half looks like a mirror image, most animals have this)o Radial (cut like a pizza, every piece is the same)- Describe chordate group of animalso Includes humans, tunicates (mussels, barnacles), lancelets (fish), and vertebrates.Characteristics are notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits post-anal tail,- What is a vertebrate?o Organisms that have a backbone and cranium (brain case)- What do fish use their tailfins for?o To propel them through the water Lecture 26 (April 9)- What is organismal ecology?o It studies adaptations organisms use to survive n their abiotic environments - What is a habitat?o Place where an organism normally lives- What is a habitat determined by?o Abiotic factors - What are 3 types of adaptations that allow organisms to adjust to changes in their environment?o Physiological responses Short-term (hair standing up) Long-term (can take days or weeks)o Anatomical responses Change in body shape or structureo Behavioral responses Moving to a new location - What is population ecology?o Focuses on factors that influence populations Size Growth rate Density- What is the dispersion pattern of a population?o The way individuals are spaced within the populations geographical range- What are the different types of dispersion patterns?o Clumped Individuals are concentrated in resource-rich areas o Uniform Occurs when individuals are territorialo Random  Occurs when no factor is bringing them together or apart (no social behavior)- Why do populations increase?o Births and immigration- Why do populations decrease?o Deaths and emigration - What are the two main population growth modelso Exponential growth model: growth under ideal conditions  The larger the population, the faster it grows J shaped curveo Logistic growth model: growth with limits Environmental factors will cause a populations growth to level off S-shaped growth curve - What is a population’s carrying capacity?o The population size at which growth is zero- Carrying capacity varies depending on what?o Species and habitat- The population is as large as it can get ato Carrying capacity- What factors limit population size?o Density-dependent factors - What are density dependent factors?o Food supply, habitat for living and breeding, parasite and disease risk, predation risk Lecture 27 (April 11)- What is logistic growth?o Describes population growth that is gradually reduced as the population nears the environments carrying capacity - What are density independent factors that limit population size?o Natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, fires - What type of growth is the human population experiencing?o Exponential growth, current birth rates exceed death rates by so much that we add 80 million people to the world each year - How do you determine if a population will continue to grow?o Know how many people are past before or in the prime ages to reproduce- What does an age pyramid show?o The number of individuals in each age group- What are examples of different types of age pyramids?o Norway Rectangular shaped, similar number of young and middle aged, stable population, typical for industrialized countries, low birth rates and low death rates in older individuals o Kenya Pyramid shaped, more young than middle aged, growing population, evenif birth rates drop, typical of developing countries due to high birthrates and high death rates in older individuals o Have growth rates peaked? Growth rates have slowed, but unclear where human population numbers will peako What is earth’s carrying capacity for humans? It is unknown, not clear if resources will support peak population size o What happened on Easter Island? In the 1700’s the human population outgrew its resources and crashed o Why is the carrying capacity for the human population hard to predict? Expansion into new habitats, increasing the agricultural productivity of the land, finding ways to live at higher densities Lecture 28 (April 14)- Why have frog deformities increased?o UV radiation, chemical pollutants, trematode parasites, combination of mechanisms- What is community?o A group of species living close enough together for potential interactions - What is a niche?o Ways an organism uses the environment, their complete way of living, the space required type/amount of food/timing of reproduction/temp/h20 needs, influence on competitors- How many organisms can share the same niche?o Only 1, species can compete with other species for parts of a niche - What is fundamental niche?o Full range of environments in which they can live- What is a realized niche?o Where and how they are actually living - Competition for niches leads to what?o Competitive exclusion One species will live (whoever more efficiently utilizes the resources) and the other will dieo Resource partitioning Dividing the resources, altering niche - How does niche competition effect character displacement?o Natural selection reduces in 1 or both species, resource partitioning occurs due to character displacement when evolution favors species to develop different traits- What increases predator’s successfulness?o Adaptations - What are physical defenses for reducing predation?o Mechanical defenses, chemical defenses, warning coloration, camouflage- What are behavioral defenses that reduce predation?o Hiding or escaping, fighting back Lecture 29 (April 16)- What is parasitism?o A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed- Where does a parasite live?o In or on the body of the host, it obtains nutrients from the host - What are parasites?o Predators that benefit from a symbiotic relationship with their hosts- What is the difference between ectoparasites and endoparasites? o Ectoparasites live on their hosts while the other live inside host - What kinds of methods have parasites created to survive?o To get from one host to another for instance in the rabies virus it induces “rabid” behavior in animals including aggression and foaming at the mouth which helps it to spread to a new host - What is mutualism?o An interaction between 2