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Cal Poly Pomona PSY 402 - Chapter 8 – Stimulus Control Space and Time in Humans and Animals

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PSY 402Visual Perception in Pigeons8.16 Stimuli used in the experiment by Van Hamme et alConjunction of Features8.17 Examples of computer stimuli presented to pigeons by Cook (Part 1)8.17 Examples of computer stimuli presented to pigeons by Cook (Part 2)8.17 Examples of computer stimuli presented to pigeons by Cook (Part 3)Same-Different Detection8.18 “Same” and “different” displays used in the experiment by Wasserman et alAttention Processes8.1 Sample of moths from the beginning and end of the experiment (Part 2)8.19 Attentional primingPigeon Working Memory8.20 Pigeon working memory in the delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) taskRat Working Memory8.21 An 8-arm radial maze8.22 Cues positioned at the end of each arm of a radial maze could be rotated or transportedTwo Explanations8.23 Retrospective and prospective coding in working memoryReference (Long Term) Memory8.24 Training procedure and predictions8.25 Number of searches by scrub jays at peanut or mealworm sitesBehavior is Sensitive to Time8.26 Pigeons can use time of day cues to set the occasion for which of two keys will be reinforcedInterval Timing Experiments8.27 Results from the peak procedureScalar Property8.28 Other examples of superposition in interval timingTemporal BisectionHow do they do it?8.29 An information-processing model of timing has clock, memory, and decision components8.30 How multiple oscillators can tell timeCues Guiding Spatial Behavior8.31 Performance of pigeons taught to find rewards (Part 1)8.31 Performance of humans taught to find rewards (Part 2)Geometric Models8.32 Apparatus and results of experiments reported by ChengEvidence for Mental Maps8.33 A rat in a water maze (Part 1)8.33 Paths taken by rats on test trials in the water-maze (Part 2)PSY 402Theories of LearningChapter 8 – Stimulus ControlSpace and Time in Humans and AnimalsVisual Perception in Pigeons Pigeons recognize objects in the same way as humans do. Biederman’s geons are recognized by both humans and pigeons. Geon (geometric ion) – a primitive component of an object. When geons were preserved, recognition was better than when they were disrupted.8.16 Stimuli used in the experiment by Van Hamme et alRight has same elements in a different order, with geons disrupted.Left & middle have different lines but same geonsBest respondingWorst respondingConjunction of Features Both pigeons and humans experience “pop out” of single features, but not for the conjunction of features (combined features). Treisman’s studies were replicated: Conjoined features require additional attention and more processing for pigeons & humans. Peck location was determined using a touchscreen.8.17 Examples of computer stimuli presented to pigeons by Cook (Part 1)8.17 Examples of computer stimuli presented to pigeons by Cook (Part 2)8.17 Examples of computer stimuli presented to pigeons by Cook (Part 3)Less popout with conjoined features.Same-Different Detection Pigeons can make decisions based on variability of a pattern. Pigeons were trained to make same-different discriminations: Rows need not be perfectly aligned (straight). The number of items in the array doesn’t matter. Entropy (number of different items) is important – 8 items are needed for accuracy. Is detection based on texture or evaluation?8.18 “Same” and “different” displays used in the experiment by Wasserman et alAttention Processes Differential reinforcement of different aspects of a stimulus causes pigeons to pay more or less attention to them (dot color vs tone). Attention to the features of cryptic prey increases with reinforcement and decreases with split attention. Priming improves attention to important features in runs of trials, but disappears as the task becomes automatic.8.1 Sample of moths from the beginning and end of the experiment (Part 2)Examples of cryptic prey8.19 Attentional primingPigeon Working Memory Pigeon working memory is very short. Delayed matching to sample task (DMTS) –performance is at chance with a 6 sec delay. Increased exposure to the sample improves performance. Practice improves performance (60 sec retention) Interference hurts performance – changing anything before or after the task interferes.8.20 Pigeon working memory in the delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) taskStimulus stays on longer with more pecks.Rat Working Memory An elevated radial maze was used to test rat memory for the location of food. Rats are very accurate at remembering which arms they have already visited, and not repeating. Extra-maze (outside) cues are used to remember. When cues were attached to a curtain and then rotated, the rats had to rotate their visits. Rats learned to avoid the arms that never had food, using long term memory.8.21 An 8-arm radial maze8.22 Cues positioned at the end of each arm of a radial maze could be rotated or transportedTwo Explanations Retrospective code – the rat might remember where it has been before. Prospective code – the rat might remember places it has not yet visited (looking forward). Memory load is highest at the task’s beginning. Both rats and pigeons use both kinds of codes. Delays inserted into the task were most disruptive in the middle, not at beginning or end.8.23 Retrospective and prospective coding in working memoryAsked to peck at 5 different lighted keysExploring arms in an elevated mazeReference (Long Term) Memory It is difficult to determine which kind of long term memory is used in conditioning because animals cannot speak. Procedural, declarative, semantic, episodic. Episodic memory was demonstrated in jays using mealworms & peanuts. They learned that over time, the mealworms might “spoil” and so searched for peanuts instead8.24 Training procedure and predictions8.25 Number of searches by scrub jays at peanut or mealworm sitesNote the InteractionBehavior is Sensitive to Time Animals have an internal sense of time. When activities occur at certain times, animals can use time of day cues as CSs or occasion setters to predict or locate food. Circadian rhythms govern activity. Zeitgeibers link rhythms to the environment. Animals can also detect time intervals: Inhibition of delay in classical conditioning. Scallops in fixed interval (FI) operant schedules.8.26 Pigeons can use time of day cues to set the occasion for which of two keys


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Cal Poly Pomona PSY 402 - Chapter 8 – Stimulus Control Space and Time in Humans and Animals

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