The U S Presidency I Constitutional Provisions Exogenous Rules A Organizational Structure 1 Separate Branch Separately Elected Autonomy 2 Unitary Actor vs Plural Presidency Decisiveness 3 Election Rules a Elected Separately from Congress b Fixed Four Year Term c Indirect Election Electoral College d Difficult to Remove Impeachment I B Important Powers Strong Checking Blocking Foreign Policy Powers 1 Veto general and conditional Checks Congress 2 Pardon Checks Courts 3 Commander in Chief of Military 4 Negotiate Treaties Senate Ratifies 5 Receive Ambassadors Weak Leadership Domestic Powers 6 Nominate Executive Judicial Officers Senate Confirms 7 Inform Congress Recommend Bills 8 Require Opinions of Departmental Officers 9 take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed 10 Convene Special Sessions Adjourn Congress II Development of the Presidency Overview Three Models of Presidential Behavior 1 Restricted Model William Taft 2 Stewardship Model Theodore Roosevelt relies on Implied Powers Doctrine 3 Prerogative Model Abraham Lincoln A Pre Modern Presidency 1789 1932 1 Baseline Restricted passive reactive to Congress sign or veto bills execute laws 2 Exceptions Stewardship proactive leadership in response to crises in foreign policy matters 3 Unique Prerogative unilateral command power in response to Civil War no other president made these claims Models of Boundaries on Presidential Power Restricted Model Taft Hypothetical Space Encompassing All Possible Presidential Powers Stewardship Model T Roosevelt Prerogative Model Lincoln II B The Modern Presidency 1933 present 1 Franklin Roosevelt Deals with Two Crises 1 Great Depression economic crisis Response First 100 Days FDR calls a Special Session of Congress lasts three months Congress enacts 15 major laws creating the New Deal Programs 1932 Realigning Election Democratic Majority New Deal Coalition 2 World War II justifies third and fourth elections 2 FDR s Legacy The Modern Presidency 1 Institutionalizes New Source of Authority Public Approval 2 Institutionalizes New Role Expectations The Stewardship Model III The Presidential Selection Process Old and New Styles A First Stage Nominations Candidates elected by delegates who are selected to attend at National Party Conventions Delegates are selected state by state 1 Old Style Delegate Selection Caucus Convention System 1830s 1968 most states party elites nominate candidate a few states nonbinding primaries 2 New Style Delegate Selection Direct Primary System 1970s present voters nominate candidate by voting voters choice is binding on delegates candidates become self starters role of media becomes more important Changes in Presidential Nomination Rules The Caucus Convention System The Direct Primary System Rank and file voters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Candidates A 10 B 40 C 50 III B Second Stage General Election Old and New Styles Transition occurs during 1960s and 1970s 1 Campaign Organization Old Style Party centered State oriented New Style Candidate centered National oriented 2 Campaigning Strategies Old Style Canvassing volunteers personal contact low cost New Style Marketing television ads impersonal expensive The New New 2000s Canvassing and Advertising III B 3 Campaign Finance 3 phases 1 Old Unrestricted through 1972 Individuals can contribute as much as they want Candidates can spend as much as they collect Elections get more expensive due to TV 1960s 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act FECA Donor identities made public No effect on 1972 2 New Regulated 1976 2000 key provisions 1974 FECA Amendments Mandatory Contribution Limits Hard Money Voluntary Spending Limits Federal Subsidy nomination matching funds 2012 44 2m general election 100 public funds 2012 88 5m Buckley v Valeo 1976 Independent Spending III B 3 Campaign Finance continued 3 Deja New Regulatory Rollback 2000 present Practical Candidates develop new techniques big donors bundlers Bush 2000 small donors internet Dean 2004 Legal Courts expand independent spending Citizens United 2010 corporations Speechnow org 2010 individuals Unlimited contributions SuperPACs and 501c 4 s Spending Grows Dramatically Candidates decline federal subsidies Independent Expenditures increase 2012 Presidential Spending Source http www opensecrets org pres12 index php accessed 4 16 13 III C Third Stage The Electoral College 1 Rules 538 votes winner must get majority 270 Votes Cast by States most use unit rule No Majority President selected by H R VP by Senate 2 Consequences Small State Advantage Each state gets 2 electors regardless of population Big State Advantage Unit Rule exaggerates large population states impact on outcome 3 Effects Usual Bonus Electoral College Margin of Victory Popular Vote Margin of Victory Perception of Landslide Mandate Claim Rare Undemocratic Electoral College Victor Loses Popular Vote 1888 2000 IV The Presidential Institution A Powers of the Presidency 1 Defined in the Constitution relatively few checking powers often ambiguous examples veto nomination treaty making 2 Defined in Laws passed by Congress Congress often delegates duties and powers example 1921 Budget and Accounting Act central legislative clearance budget making 3 Defined by Precedent One president asserts the right to exert a power If it is unopposed succeeding presidents use it too examples executive privilege executive orders bill signing statements The Presidency s Central Legislative Clearance and Budget Making Power Post 1921 Pre 1921 Requests for Authority Government Government Gov t Agencies Agencies Agencies Requests for Money The Presidency Approved Agenda Bureau of the Budget BOB Congress Executive Budget in 1970 BOB was reorganized and renamed the Office of Management and Budget OMB IV B Structure of the Presidency 1 Pre FDR 1789 1939 small staff temporary and informal arrangements 2 FDR 1939 the Executive Office of the President EOP permanent specialized structure with small staff of political advisors larger permanent staff of neutral policy experts 3 Post FDR 1940 present Changes in Size 1940s 70s Growth 1974 77 Decline 1978 present Stability Functions Policy Advice Political Advice Administrative Help 4 Composition umbrella organization 2007 Employment EOP Total 1707 OMB Total 476 WHO Total 419 Composition of the EOP 2009 President Office of Management and Budget White House Office Office of the Vice President Office of the U S Trade Representative Office on National Drug Control Policy Office of Administration National Security