Exam 2 Review 2009 1 What are the functions of the respiratory system a Provides O2 removes CO2 b Temperature regulation c Buoyancy d Sound production 2 What are the types of respiratory systems and describe each a Gills i Developed to remove O2 from water ii Found in iii Osteichthyes iv Chondricthyes v Larval and paedomorphic amphibians vi Chordates during development b Lungs i Developed to remove O2 from air ii Associated with iii Terrestrial vertebrates iv Lung fish c Cutaneous i Gas exchange across skin ii Found in amphibians especially salamanders iii Small organisms with large surface area to volume ratio iv Lungless salamanders Family Plethodontidae 3 What is responsible for a gas exchange a High diffusion gradient 4 There is high in the blood sytem and high in the a O2 CO2 in body 5 What three characteristics enhance gas exchange a Large surface area b Thin barrier for gas exchange c High diffusion gradient 6 Define Paedomorphism a Retention of larval characteristics in adult form 7 What mechanism allows for gas exchange across the gills a Counter current exchange 8 9 Lungs allow organisms to breathe in environments a terrestrial Why the switch from gill filaments to lungs a Gill filaments desiccate quickly in air b Internal lung structure easier to keep moist 10 In lungs there is a high diffusion gradient due to the what a high O2 in the air 11 Most vertebrate lungs are and lead to a a Paired dead end sac 12 There is a high low amount of surface area in vertebrate lungs a high 13 True False All vertebrates have lungs that lead to a dead end sac a False 14 is the oxygen transporting protein found in most vertebrates a Hemoglobin 15 Describe factors that determine oxygen in blood a O2 in air greater in air greater in blood b CO2 in blood more CO2 in blood exercise creates lower pH lowers affinity for O2 by blood allowing cells to take up O2 c Opposite effect in lungs 16 The Bohr effect allows for more to travel to the It helps get rid of more at the cellular level a O2 cells CO2 17 The site of gas exchange occurs where in each of the following Gills gill filament counter current gas exchange Lungs alveoli Cutaneous skin Respiratory II 18 Name the three types of respiration systems a Gills lungs cutaneous 19 What class has the greatest diversity in respiration a Amphibian 20 What of breathing do frogs have a Positive pressure breathing draw air in mouth and force into lungs 21 True False Amphibia is the only class to use cutaneous respiration a False so do some fish and reptiles sea snake and soft shelled turtle 22 In Amphibians in which group is cutaneious respiration most common a Salamaders plethodontids 23 Why are plethodontids special a No lungs only cutaneous 24 Are reptile lungs more or less developed when compared to amphibians a More more convoluted 25 What is the structure that begins to separate the anterior portion of the respiratory tract from the digestive tract a Secondary palate 26 In turtles where else does respiration occur aside from the lungs a Cutaneous pharyngeal cloacal cloacal bladder pumped in out vent 27 Are mammalian lungs more or less developed than reptilian a more 28 What structure within mammalian lungs is responsible for greater surface area in the lungs a alveoli 29 Why is more surface area important a High O2 is necessary for the high metabolism of homeotherms 30 How do mammalian lungs work By what system a Negative pressure system 31 What muscle creates a vacuum in the chest when it contracts a diaphragm 32 Where do diving mammals store oxygen a In blood and muscles 33 Why don t diving mammals store oxygen in their lungs a Lungs would collapse 34 From where do diving mammals derive ATP a Fermentation instead of respiration 35 What type of respiration do birds have a Flow through no dead end sac 36 Mammals have a more or less efficient oxygen exchange than birds a Less birds have most air sacs 37 True False The air sac system of birds can include bones a True 38 Which air sacs does the air flow into birds when they first inhale a Posterior air sacs 39 How do locomotion and respiration compete a Terrestrial organisms must inhale and exhale but type of locomotion influences when respiration can occur 40 Can a lizard respire successfully when running a No one side then another 41 Can a dog respire successfully when running a Yes body movements help with inhalation exhalation 42 What is integument a Skin and structures derived from it 43 True False Integument is not an organ system a False 44 Name 3 functions associated with the integument system a Physical protection coloration thermo regulation water salt balance sensory functions respiration salamanders Excretory functions Protection from U V radiation diseases locomotion claws hooves etc Feeding mammary glands 45 and are the two layers of the skin Describe each a Epidermis and Dermis b Epidermis outer layer derived from ectoderm Keratin is made of protein and important to epidermis specialized structures in verts made of keratin c Dermis Underlying layer thicker than epidermis derived from mesoderm glands formed by epidermis but sink into dermis many times 46 In bony fishes the is the layer on the of scales and has glands while the is thicker and produces and contains which allow the fish to change color a Epidermis outside mucous dermis fish scales chromatophores 47 True False Osteichthyes generally have a large amount of keratin in their integument a False small amount 48 Amphibians have both mucous and glands Evidence of keratin is found in Many amphibians produce from these glands a Granular warts toxins 49 Describe the dermis in Amphibians a Has chromatophores cells that hold pigment rearranged in amphibians allowing them to change color for cryptic coloration b Produces scent glands for reproductive and social purposes 50 Reptiles often shed their epidermis through a process called a ecdysis 51 How do each of the following shed i e 2 pieces 1 piece etc a Turtle None b Snake One c Lizard Several d Crocodiles None 52 The dermis is thicker thinner in reptiles a Thinner 53 Some reptiles such as turtles have a Dermal plates 54 In birds the epidermis produces which are made of keratin Birds also shed and replace feathers in a process known as a Feathers molt 55 What is the preening gland found in birds a Uropygial gland 56 The main shaft of a feather is called a and ends in a quill or or hooklets branch off barbules and interlock a Rachis calamus hamuli 57 Mammals have 4 types of glands