BIOPSYCH 0505 Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I Theories of cerebral symmetry A Analytic synthetic theory 1 Analytic mode left hemisphere 2 Synthetic right hemisphere B Motor theory 1 Speech 2 Two lines of evidence C Linguistic theory II Evolution of cerebral lateralization A Vertebrate evolution B Increased neural efficiency C Two cognitive processes III Stress A James Lange view B Cannon Bard view C Modern view D Paul Ekman found 6 primary emotions E Guillaume Benjamin Duchenne F fMRI scan G Contagion effect Outline of Current Lecture I Facial feedback hypothesis A Experiment II What is stress Different definitions of stress A Hans Selye B coping with strategies C Physiological reaction D Increases in sympathetic and HPA activation E Richard Lazarus III General Adaption Syndrome A Hans Selye 1 Alarm phase B Phase 2 resistance C Phase 3 exhaustion These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 1nd IV V VI Perceiving a threat A Sympathetic nervous system pathway B When the hormones are released into circulation 1 Epi 2 Norep Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal HPA axis A Corticotropin releasing hormone CRH B HPA activation in the short term C Increased in BP D Increased plaque formation E Decrease in adipose tissue F Increase to the hormones G Parasympathetic rebound H In response to cortisol What happens when we are stressed A The good B The bad C Brain in response to stress D More psych effects Current Lecture I Facial feedback hypothesis proposed that by making a certain facial expression you can change your emotional state and how you feel by the face that you make A Participants were told to put pencil inside of their mouth they were forced into a smile and they were asked to sit there and answer questions about their mood and do a mindless task while pencil was in their mouth B After period of time of pencil in mouth they told them to rate their mood and found that after smiling by forcing it the participants mood improved and reported feeling happier and their mood was elevated C Your facial feedback and changes yours emotion II What is stress Different definitions of stress A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it Hans Selye which is one of the earlier definitions B Some say stress is psychological and part of our coping strategies C Physiological reaction caused by perception of aversive or threatening situations D Increases in sympathetic and HPA activation and as a result 1 Increase in glucocorticoid diff type of hormones 2 Increase in sympathetic increase in norep and epin 3 Increase in HPA we see increase in cortisol which is usually the indicator of stress E any event in which environmental demands internal demands or both tax or exceeds the adaptive resources of an individuals social system or tissue system Richard Lazarus 1 Broaden the scope of stress 2 If you are able to meet the demands and able to cope because you have good resource typically you are not stressed 3 When you are demanded beyond what you are capable of doing 4 Stress in general is not a bad thing in short small amounts I General Adaption Syndrome A Hans Selye provided a model for what happens during stress B Under typical circumstances what happen when your encounter a stress we move first into the alarm phase 1 When you detect pressure or threat something that is going to put a demand on you 2 Works as an alert 3 Physical reactions respond in response is to mobile resources and prepare for flight or fight 4 Relatively short 5 Figure out how to handle it and then move on sympathetic activation C Phase 2 resistance 1 Using your coping strategies to deal with the stressor 2 Most people are adaptive and are able to resist stress 3 Heighten immune function 4 Mobilizing resources from energy stores so body can function optimally 5 If coping strategies work and the stressor eventually goes away from resistance you ll come back down to baseline and be ready for next stressor D Phase 3 exhaustion 1 When you are vulnerable and the harmful effects of stress are likely to occur 2 Reserves depleted 3 Once the rats got to the point of exhaustion most of the rats became ill and died 4 In humans when we hit exhaustion we are vulnerable to opportunistic infection and now common cold becomes a problem II Perceiving a threat A Sympathetic nervous system pathway 1 Heart increase respiration BP sweaty palms more energized muscles 2 When perceived as a threat the neurons that reside in medulla are going to stimulate the adrenal gland and from the medulla in brain stem that usually respond at a high rate 3 The neurons will stimulate adrenal medulla to stimulate Norep and Epi 4 Hormones are responsible for the experience of arousal B When the hormones are released into circulation 1 When Epi is released it will increase glucose metabolism in order to engage in increased movement a Trigger some nutrients stored in muscles to begin to be available for energy usually after some strenuous activity b Increased blood flow directed to larger muscle groups c Increases heart output d Plays role in vascular constriction blood vessel and increases BP 2 Norep a Plays a role in increasing blood flow and BP by further helping constrict BV b Stimulates different brain regions during flight or fight c Hypothalamus secondary system to increase HPA axis d Frontal cortex heighten activity that is responsible for executive function III Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal HPA axis A Corticotropin releasing hormone CRH 1 Corticotropin travels to cortex and the cortex is the adrenal cortex 2 Travels to anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH 3 Stimulates adrenal cortex in response and now release a lot of steroid hormones 4 Glucocorticoids cortisol a Need a baseline level within the body b Regulates electrolyte balance c Maintain and reabsorb water and fluids d With low levels bodies can absorb water and salt and electrolyte e When it is released it helps to stimulate glucose metabolism like epinephrine f Breaks down proteins in muscles when necessary under strenuous activities g Facilitate increase in blood flow and cardiac output and trigger heart to beat faster h At high levels decrease in sensitivity in gonads due to luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and sudden increase can cause follicles to burst and therefore ovulation can be delayed until the stressor has ended B HPA activation