ANP 370 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I Chapter 2 of Transplant Imaginary Outline of Current Lecture II Chapter 3 of Transplant Imaginary Artificial Life a Bioengineering Alex is Carrel Willem Kolff Charles Lindbergh b Bioengineering and Morality c Erasure of Patient Suffering d Ethical neutrality e Moral challenges Lecture Bioengineering a field dominated primarily by men Alexis Carrel founder of the field Came from France migrated to US went to University of Chicago then moved to New York Willem Kolff considered undisputed Father of Artificial Organs These two men changed the field of bioengineering drastically Times Magazine 1938 Alexis Carrel and Charles Lindbergh created a Perfusion Pump Alexis Carrel got a Nobel Prize for the pump youngest ever to get the prize Still today Perfusion Pump invention for saving lives Lindbergh s sister had a heart problem and wanted to create a valve to help the heart Many animals used for experimentation of the device Charles Lindbergh These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Wanted to remove and replace broken heart valve and the entire heart with a mechanical pump an artificial heart he called it as he would do in an airplane motor Lindbergh joined Carrel who conducted experimental surgeries on a host of animals and tried to extend human life in a range of capacities Willem Kolff and First Dialyzer Very big at first parts used to create the dialyzer were collected from various places a drum a bike chain salvaged airplane parts etc Machine created in a military workshop at night Experimented on animals About Moved to US in 1960 Worked in Boston Cleveland and Utah all become leading centers in transplant research Kolff was credited with major breakthroughs in artificial kidney lung and heart design His most significant works are the invention of Total Artificial Hearts TAH and Ventricular Assist Devices VAD Of Machines and Men Both Carrel and Kolff are European emigres physician by training but earned PhD degrees and contributed to the American Medicine The war sparked their imagination They bore witness of intense form of suffering All of these inventors are complex people with complicated histories embraced eugenics even accused with anti Semitism Bioengineers and Morality See body as a collection of parts that can be replaced by mechanical devices For example Lindbergh regarded the heart as the body s engine or others say the heart is just a pump Here the self is absent or viewed as a mechanized self Engineers can solve the body s problem by designing and tinkering Fleshy body should fit the mechanical prototype and not the other way around Bioengineers talk about generic humans not the patients They see bodies themselves as a prototype that favors either generic bodies or specifically male bodies that stand for all bodies With the generic form that bioengineers have imagined bodies are able to be transposed on each other with the idea that males stand in as the generic form Prototypes used to fit the average male not female There is a huge gender imbalance in bioengineering Animal Experimentation Artificial organ research is intensely animal dependent Cats dogs mice ferrets guinea pigs primates and farm animals were employed for device testing However bioengineers mostly employed farm animals such as calves sheep and goats Here calves and intimacy while pigs and distance in xeno What he means here is that calves are used widely in transplantation while The cows often have names often named after the scientists making the inventions i e Jarvick 7 cow Scientists often have a bond with the cow Pigs are widely used in xenotransplantation and there is a social distance between the animals and the scientists The Erasure of Patients Suffering Bioengineers do not see patients suffering such as physical pain surgical complications fear depression and surreal experiences of the patients with VAD implants They see that these patients are alive without or little difficulties The idea that these inventions add time on to peoples lives is most important to these scientists not the suffering that is involved behind life with an implant or transplant However the life of the citizen cyborg is indeed complicated Complicated state of life not fully human Batteries can run out every 8 hours Lives become revolved around these implants and devices losing a major aspect of freedom